Polity Mains PYQs UPSC (2013 to 2024) : Topic Wise Collection

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Polity Mains PYQs UPSC
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC

Polity Syllabus : UPSC Mains

Topic 1 – Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.

Topic 2 – Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.

Topic 3 – Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.  

Topic 4 – Separation of powers between various organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.

Topic 5 – Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

Topic 6 – Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.

Topic 7 – Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

Topic 8 – Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

Topic 9 – Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC – Year wise Marks Weightage (2013 – 2024)

YearMarks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2024100 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2023120 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2022145 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2021110 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2020115 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2019125 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2018115 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2017100 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2016100 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2015100 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 2014100 Marks
Polity Mains PYQs UPSC GS II 201390 Marks
Year Wise Marks Weightage of Polity Mains PYQs UPSC

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC – Year wise & Topic wise Collection (2013 – 2024)

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC (Topic 1)

Topic 1 – Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.

UPSC 2024

  1. Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2023

  1. ” The Construction of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society”. Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  2. Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism? (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  3. Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid 1990s. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2022

  1. “The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. “Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2021

  1. ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2019

  1. “Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power.” In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2018

  1. Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2017

  1. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2016

  1. Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances? (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2015

  1. Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  2. Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. Discuss critically the actions taken by the legislative, executive and the judiciary to set the things right in this regard. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  3. Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgement (s) of the Apex Court in this regard. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2014

  1. What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2013

  1. Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC (Topic 2)

Topic 2 – Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.

UPSC 2024

  1. Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2023

  1. Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2022

  1. Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2021

  1. Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2020

  1. The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2019

  1. What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2018

  1. India and the USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenants on which the two political systems are based. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC (Topic 3)

Topic 3 – Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.  

UPSC 2024

  1. What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-Stare relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2023

  1. “The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2022

  1. “While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State autonomy.” Comment. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  2. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2020

  1. How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. Indian Constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently passed Farm Acts. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  3. The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2019

  1. “The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self- government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks) (Polity + Social Justice)

UPSC 2018

  1. How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. Assess the importance of Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2017

  1. “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be an effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2016

  1. Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any, that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of Indian federal politics? (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  2. To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  3. Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2015

  1. The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  2. In absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system, `Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2014

  1. Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2013

  1. Recent directives from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the `Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution. (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)
  2. Many State Governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas like Districts and Talukas for better governance. In light of the above, can it also be justified that smaller States would bring in effective governance at State level? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)
  3. Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC (Topic 4 & 5)

Topic 5 – Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

Topic 7 – Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

UPSC 2024

  1. Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation – one election” principle. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. “The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy:” Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2023

  1. Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped in the institutionalization of Indian Parliament? (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2022

  1. Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951.  (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  3. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  4. What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2021

  1. Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  2. Do Department -related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2020

  1. ‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. “There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act”. Comment. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  3. Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ in the past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2019

  1. Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  2. On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of People Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to such a person against his disqualification. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2018

  1. Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work?  Discuss, in this context, the role or the Estimates Committee. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2017

  1. ‘Simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  3. The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint sessions of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2016

  1. The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2014

  1. The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of uncodified and unenumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges’. How can this problem be addressed? (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2013

  1. The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention? (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC (Topic 6)

Topic 6 – Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.

UPSC 2021

  1. To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. “Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.” Explain how the business associations contribute to public policies. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2019

  1. What are the methods used by the Farmers organizations to influence the policy- makers in India and how effective are these methods? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2017

  1. How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2016

  1. “In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only marginal.” Critically examine this statement. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2014

  1. Instances of the President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  2. The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far the efficacy of a government then is inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2013

  1. Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India. (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC (Topic 7)

Topic 4 – Separation of powers between various organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary.

UPSC 2024

  1. Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary? (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2023

  1. “Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy”. Comment. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2020

  1. Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of a large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2019

  1. Do you think that the constitution of India does not accept the principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2018

  1. Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2017

  1. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2016

  1. What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2015

  1. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2014

  1. Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2013

  1. The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically. (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)

Polity Mains PYQs UPSC (Topic 8 & 9)

Topic 8 – Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

Topic 9 – Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

UPSC 2024

  1. “The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2023

  1. Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)

UPSC 2022

  1. Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its transformation from a statutory body to a constitutional body. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)
  3. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2021

  1. Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the states to improve their fiscal position? (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  3. The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular state is being questioned by various States. However, the power of States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2020

  1. Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a Commission? Do you think imparting constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2019

  1. “The Central Administration Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or against central government employees, nowadays is exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority.” Explain. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. “The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government of India.” Discuss. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)

UPSC 2018

  1. “The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise. (Answer in 150 words) (10 Marks)
  2. How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks) 

UPSC 2017

  1. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (Answer in 250 words) (15 Marks)  

UPSC 2016

  1. Exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the Government’s Policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  2. What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2015

  1. What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  2. “For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous.” Discuss in the light of the experiences in the recent past. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2014

  1. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above observation, assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)
  2. The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidy for the obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian Railways or the private container operators. (Answer in 200 words) (12.5 Marks)

UPSC 2013

  1. Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances. (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)
  2. The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify. (Answer in 200 words) (10 Marks)

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