1. UP Current Affairs November 2024 English

1.1 History, Heritage, and Culture (UP Current Affairs November 2024 English)

1.1.1 Prehistoric footprints found in Kerala

Recently, 24 pairs of footprints and a human figure from prehistoric period carved in rock have been found at Kanhirapoil in Madikai Panchayat, Kerala.
The carvings, made with iron tools, include footprints ranging in size from six to ten inches, representing both children and adults.
The footprints represent the souls of dead people and are carved to honor them.

1.1.2 Collapse of excavation site at Lothal

Recently, during a research excavation at the Harappan site Lothal, a research student died due to a soil landslide at the excavation site.
located in the Bhal region of Gujarat, is one of the southernmost sites of the Harappan Civilization.
It is believed to have been built in 2200 B.C.
It was excavated in the year 1954 by S.R. Rao.
Lothal means “mound of the dead” in Gujarati. (Mohenjodaro has the same meaning in Sindhi).
It had the world’s oldest known Godiwada (Dock), which connected the city to the ancient route of the Sabarmati River.
Lothal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in April 2014.
Surkotada and Dholavira are other important Harappan sites in Gujarat.

1.1.3 Ningol Chakouba Festival

Ningol Chakouba is one of the biggest festivals of Manipur. Recently it was celebrated with religious fervour and gaiety across the state.
It is the biggest festival of the Meitei community, but over the years the scenario has changed with different communities participating in the festival.
The main component of the festival is the visit of married sisters to their parents’home for a grand feast and joyous reunion, followed by the giving of gifts.

1.1.4 First Asian Buddhist Summit 2024

The Union Ministry of Culture has hosted the First Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) in New Delhi on 5-6 November 2024 In collaboration with International Buddhist Confederation (IBC).
Scholars from across the continent participated in this summit with the theme “Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia”.
An exhibition on “India is the Dhamma Bridge Connecting Asia” highlighted India’s role in the spread of Buddhism across Asia.

1.1.5 Swastik Program

SVASTIK: Scientifically Validated Societal Traditional Knowledge

CSIR -National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR – NIScPR) has launched the national initiative SVASTIK (Scientifically Validated Societal Traditional Knowledge).
It was launched during the 2nd International Conference on Communication and Dissemination of Traditional Knowledge (CDTK-2024) at Gurugram University, Gurugram, Haryana.
SVASTIK aims to disseminate scientifically validated traditional knowledge of India to the society.
This centuries old traditional knowledge which is recorded in many ancient Indian manuscripts or in the form of oral transmission, is still unknown and untapped, but this knowledge has significance in various fields of science and technology.

1.1.6 Narasapuram Crochet gets GI tag

The traditional crochet craft of Narsapur in Andhra Pradesh has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag to preserve its unique identity amid competition from machine-made lace from China.
involves transforming thin cotton thread into intricate artworks using delicate crochet needles of varying sizes.
The handmade crochet industry of Narsapur produces a diverse range of lace products – garments, home furnishings and accessories including doilies, pillow covers, cushion covers, bedspreads, table-runners, table cloths, hand purses, caps, tops, stoles, lampshades and wall hangings.

1.1.7 Yakshagana Folk Dance

15 -year-old Tulsi Raghavendra Hegde has made a mark as a leading Yakshagana artist. He was recently honoured with the Young Achiever Award 2024 by the Rotary Club of Madras East.
Yakshagana is a traditional folk dance-drama of coastal Karnataka that involves a combination of dance, music, song and elaborate costumes.
Its name “Yakshagana” means “divine music” (Yaksha means divine and gaana means music). It presents a divine world through dialogues between scholars and night-long performances.
Each performance focuses on a sub-story (prasanga) from ancient Hindu epics such as the Ramayana or the Mahabharata.

1.1.8 Konark Wheels at Rashtrapati Bhavan

Recently, four sandstone replicas of the iconic Konark Wheels of the Konark Temple have been installed in the Cultural Centre and Amrut Udyan of Rashtrapati Bhavan.
This initiative is one of the various efforts to incorporate traditional cultural and historical elements into the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
Konark Temple was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the year 1984. It is constructed in the Odisha temple architecture style.
It is a sub-style of the Nagara style of architecture and is found in the temples of eastern India.

1.2 Environment, Ecology, and Geography

1.2.1 Adaptation Gap Report 2024

Recently United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Adaptation Gap Report 2024: Come hell and high water) was released.
The report said that adaptation finance flows to developing countries saw the largest year-on-year absolute and relative increases in 2022, rising from $22 billion in 2021 to $28 billion in 2022.
The actual adaptation financing need for developing countries is $387 billion per year by 2030.
The adaptation gap is the difference between the adaptation measure actually implemented and the target set by society. It is primarily determined by priorities related to climate change impacts, and reflects resource limitations and competing priorities.
Report published by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP):
Emissions Gap Report,
Global Environment Outlook and
Adaptation Gap Report

1.2.2 World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action

Recently published by UN Habitat
The report provides a comprehensive and far-reaching analysis of current and expected climate impacts on different regions and cities, as well as the differential vulnerabilities faced by urban populations as a result of poverty, inequality, ethnicity, gender, disability and other characteristics.
Cities both face and respond to climate change. From floods to heatwaves, powerful storms to droughts, urban areas often find themselves on the front lines of the climate crisis.

1.2.3 12th World Urban Forum (WUF12)

Recently, The 12th World Urban Forum (WUF12) was held in Cairo, the capital of Egypt from 4 to 8 November 2024..
It was organised with the theme “ It All Starts at Home”.
It was called by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).
On the final day of the conference, the Cairo Call to Action was adopted, vowing to act urgently to address the global housing crisis while also leveraging local action to achieve global goals.
The World Urban Forum (WUF) is the premier global conference on sustainable urbanization.
WUF was established in 2001 by the United Nations to address the most critical issue facing the world today – “rapid urbanisation and its impacts on communities, cities, economies, climate change and policies”.

1.2.4 Climate Change Performance Index

Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI 2025)

Recently, The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI 2025) report was released in Baku, held at COP29.
It is published by think tanks Germanwatch, the New Climate Institute and Climate Action Network International.
The CCPI tracks progress made by the world’s largest emitters on emissions, renewable energy and climate policy.
No country is ranked in the top three places in the index, followed by Denmark (fourth place) and the Netherlands.
China, the world’s largest emitter, is ranked 55. The US, the second-largest emitter, remains a very low performer at 57, according to the index.
India has been ranked 10th in this year’s CCPI, remaining among the top performers, though it was ranked 8th last year.
The 63 countries assessed in the CCPI 2025, along with the European Union, account for 90% of global emissions.
India is the world’s third largest greenhouse gas emitter.

1.2.5 Global Nature Conservation Index 2024

Nature Conservation Index: NCI

Recently, NCI was launched to evaluate conservation efforts.
India is ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index 2024.
In 180 countries, it is among the five lowest ranked countries along with Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178) and Micronesia (177).
India’s low ranking is due to inefficient land management and increasing biodiversity threats.
It was developed by Ben-Gurion University’s Goldman Sonnenfeld School of Sustainability and Climate Change and the biodiversity database BioDB.com.
It evaluated four key criteria: land management, threats to biodiversity, capacity and governance, and future trends.

1.2.6 Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024

Recently, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) released the Asia-Pacific (APAC) Climate Report, 2024, which highlights the serious economic impacts of climate change on the Asia-Pacific region.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic growth and reduce poverty in Asia by providing loans, technical assistance and grants for projects related to infrastructure, education, health care and climate change.
Headquarters: Manila, Philippines.

1.2.7 ADB ‘s new action plan for natural disasters

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has developed an action plan called ’A Shield Against Disasters’ to combat natural disasters in the Asia-Pacific region.
This action plan has been designed to tackle the increasing threat of climate change and natural disasters.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development bank.
It was established in 1966.
Its headquarter is in Manila, Philippines.
It aims to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of people in Asia and the Pacific region.
It comprises 68 member countries, 49 of which are from Asia and the Pacific region.
Open to members of the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East.
Top 5 shareholders: Japan, USA, China, India and Australia.

1.2.8 Article 6 Carbon Markets

The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Baku, Azerbaijan, has officially adopted new operational parameters for a mechanism of the Paris Agreement under Article 6.
Article 6 of the Paris Agreement facilitates international cooperation to reduce carbon emissions.
It provides avenues for countries and companies to trade carbon offsets, which help support the achievement of emission reduction targets set out in their climate action plans or nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
Article 6.2 allows two countries to establish a bilateral carbon trading agreement under their own terms.
Article 6.4 seeks to develop a centralised and UN-managed system for both countries and companies to offset and trade carbon emissions.

1.2.9 New Collective Quantified Goal

New Collective Quantified Goal: NCQG

The New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) is the name given to an update on the $100 billion per year grant to be made available by developed countries to developing countries for climate change adaptation as well as emissions reduction.
The Paris Climate Change Agreement states that this new Collective Quantified Goal should be implemented by 2025.
In 2009, at the COP15 held in Copenhagen, developed countries set a target of $100 billion per year in financing. This target was to be achieved by 2020.
At COP21 held in Paris in 2015, which resulted in the famous Paris Agreement, countries agreed that they would set a New Collective Quantified Goal for Climate Finance in 2024.
COP 29 has decided to include US$300 billion annually.

1.2.10 Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T

The COP29 declaration called on all partners to work towards increasing financing to developing countries to at least $1.3 trillion from all public and private sources.
The COP Presidency will lead the “Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T” to make progress towards that goal.

1.2.11 Global matchmaking platform (GMP)

Global Matchmaking Platform

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and Climate Club launched the Global Matchmaking Platform (GMP) at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan.
The initiative focuses on accelerating decarbonisation in high-emitting industries.
Its secretariat is hosted by UNIDO.
The matchmaking process aims to meet the unique needs of different countries (connects country-specific needs with global technical and financial assistance) and provide the right support.

1.2.12 Climate Club

Led by Germany and Chile, the club has attracted support from 36 member countries, including Kenya, the European Union, Switzerland and others.
To drive the decarbonisation of industries for climate and businesses through ambitious policies, alignment of methodologies and standards, and improved finance and support for emerging and developed economies.
It was formally adopted at COP 28.

1.2.13 LeadIT 2024 Annual Summit

India and Sweden will co-chair the annual summit of the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT) to be held on the sidelines of COP29, the UN Climate Change Summit in Baku, Azerbaijan in November 2024.
The summit brings together country and company members to discuss low-carbon industrial activities (industrial transition).
The India-Sweden Industry-Transition Partnership, launched under LeadIT 2.0 at COP 28 in 2023, is established to co-develop technologies, share knowledge and advance the transition of industries such as steel and cement.

1.2.14 Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution

The first part of the fifth session (INC- 5.1) of the UNEA’s (Unites Nations Environment Agency) Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution will be held in Busan, Republic of Korea, from 25 November to 1 December 2024.
The fifth session (INC- 5.2) will be held from 5 to 14 August 2025 in Geneva, Switzerland.
In this meeting, mainly a legally binding treaty to tackle plastic pollution is being discussed.
The participants formed a human symbol with the words ” END PLASTIC “.

1.2.15 Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas, 2024

The Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas, 2024, published under the Global Peatlands Initiative of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), provides actionable insights for their conservation and sustainable management, placing them at the centre of global environmental discussions.
Itidentified 488 million hectares of peatlands globally, of which 12% is highly degraded.
Emit 1,941 metric tons of CO₂ per year due to human activities.
Peatlands are unique wetland ecosystems, characterised by waterlogged conditions, which slow organic decomposition, leading to the formation of peat soils.
These ecosystems consist of both organic-rich soil (peat) and wetland vegetation that grows on the surface.
The largest known tropical peatland is located in the Congo Basin, discovered in 2017.
UNEP’s Global Peatlands Initiative was established in 2016 during the UNFCCC COP in Maracay, Morocco.

1.2.16 World’s highest altitude green hydrogen mobility project

Union Power Minister Shri Manohar Lal flagged off the fleet of NTPC’s Green Hydrogen buses in Leh.
The Green Hydrogen Mobility Project in Leh consists of an in-situ 1.7 MW solar plant, a green hydrogen filling station of 80 kg/day capacity and 5 hydrogen intra-city buses.
Each bus can cover a distance of 300 km by filling 25 kg of hydrogen.
It is also the world’s highest altitude (3650 m MSL) located Green Hydrogen Mobility project, designed to operate in low density air, sub-zero temperatures and can fill hydrogen at 350 bar pressure.

1.2.17 Kodo Millet

10 wild elephants from a herd of 13 died in three days in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve. According to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife), these deaths could be due to “mycotoxins associated with kodo millet”.
Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) is also known as Kodra and Varagu in India.
Bajra (millet) is believed to have originated in India and Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of millet.
Tropical and subtropical regions are best suited for the cultivation of Kodo millet and it is grown on infertile soils, and widely distributed in arid and semi-arid areas.
It’s gluten-free, easy to digest, a great source of antioxidants, and “may have anti-cancer properties.
Kodo millet is the staple food of many tribal and economically weaker sections in India.
However, when the grain is exposed to rain during ripening and harvesting, it results in fungal infection resulting in ‘toxic kodo’.

1.2.18 “Cali Fund” for Digital Sequence Information

The 16th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD-COP16) is held on 2 November 2024 in Cali, Colombia.
COP16 delegates decided to create the Cali Fund to mobilize economic resources using Digital Sequence Information (DSI) and ensure its fair and equitable distribution.
Digital Sequence Information (DSI) is digital data of the genomic sequence of organisms. It contains details of an organism’sDNA and RNA, which determine its characteristics and unique traits.
Under agreed guidelines, large companies that are benefiting commercially from the use of DSI must contribute to the “Kali Fund” based on a percentage of their profits or revenues.
Developing countries will be benefitted from a large share of these funds, with allocations made to support the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) according to the priorities of those governments.

1.2.19 IUCN First Global Tree Assessment

Recently published as part of the update of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, with findings announced at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP16) in Cali, Colombia.
The aim of the Global Tree Assessment Report is to evaluate all tree species globally for inclusion in the IUCN Red List and to improve conservation information for conservation decision-making.

1.2.20 Chonkus – a new strain of cyanobacteria

An international team of researchers has discovered a new type of cyanobacteria that absorbs CO2 and then rapidly sinks to the ocean floor.
This new strain of cyanobacteria is called Chonkus.
Chonkus was discovered in shallow water off the coast of the Italian island of Vulcano, where groundwater rich in volcanic gas seeps into the sea.
Cyanobacteria, formerly known as blue-green algae, previously known as, are photosynthetic microscopic organisms that are technically bacteria.

1.2.21 ‘Avian botulism’ in Sambhar lake

Recently, there was a mass death of migratory birds in Sambhar Lake of Rajasthan, which was probably due to a disease called avian botulism.
It is believed that the cause of this disease is high temperature and reduction in salinity of the lake.
Avian botulism is a neuromuscular disease caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The disease affects wild birds, mainly waterfowl and piscivorous birds, causing paralysis of their wings and legs and leading to death.
Sambhar Lake, India’s largest saltwater wetland, is surrounded by the Aravalli Hills in Nagaur and Jaipur districts of Rajasthan. It is a source of salt production in Rajasthan.
Due to its ecological importance, it was declared a Ramsar site in the year 1990.

1.2.22 World’s first ’CO2- to-methanol conversion plant’

NTPC, India’s largest power producer, has inaugurated a new power plant at its Vindhyachal facility in Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh. Inaugurated the world’s first CO2- to-methanol conversion plant.
NTPC Generation- 4 is working in the field of Ethanol, Green Urea and Sustainable Aviation Fuel.
The conversion will help in carbon capture and utilization (CCU) which reduces the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere. will reduce the effect of.
Along with this, there is also a possibility of using methanol as fuel.

1.2.23 Applications of Ethanol as a Fuel

Ethanol is used in the transportation sector as a renewable and sustainable biofuel option.
It can be blended with petrol in different ratios, such as E 10 (10% ethanol, 90% petrol) and E 20 (20% ethanol, 80% petrol).
Government has launched the Ethanol Blending Programme to promote the use of ethanol as a renewable fuel.
The objective of this programme is to blend ethanol with petrol to reduce the country’s dependence on imported crude oil, cut carbon emissions and boost farmers’ income.
Ethanol blending helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants, contributing to clean air and mitigating climate change.

There are four types of ethanol feedstock-

Grain-based first generation or 1G ethanol plants can convert starch present in grains like rice, maize etc. into ethanol.
Second generation or 2G ethanol plants can convert agricultural residues such as rice straw, wheat straw, energy crops into ethanol.
3G or third generation ethanol is made by algae from wastewater, sewage or saltwater.
Fourth-generation (Generation- 4) biofuels use genetically engineered microorganisms, including microalgae, yeasts, fungi, and cyanobacteria, to convert CO2 into fuel.

1.2.24 Eurasian Otter

Recently, a rare Eurasian Otter was rescued in Indapur of Pune district in a rescue operation conducted by Pune Forest Department and RESQ Charitable Trust. seen.
The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is one of the three otter species found in India. The other two species are the smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) and the small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus).
It is found mainly in Europe and parts of Asia, and its presence in India is rare.
It is seen mainly in the Himalayan foothills, parts of Northeast India and sporadically in the Western Ghats.
Eurasian otters prefer clean, freshwater habitats, such as rivers, lakes and swamps that are rich in fish, which is their primary diet.
They are solitary and primarily nocturnal animals that are highly sensitive to water pollution and habitat disruption.

conservation status:

IUCN: Near Threatened
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule II
CITES: Appendix I

1.2.25 African Penguins

The African Penguin has been officially uplisted from Endangered to Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, highlighting the species’ severe risk of extinction.
97% of its population already extinct, the bird could disappear from the wild in less than 4,000 days if urgent conservation efforts are not made.
There is a pink gland above each eye to regulate body temperature in hot climates.
It is the only penguin species native to Africa.
Found along the southern African coastline, especially near breeding colonies.
One of the smallest penguin species.
Males are slightly larger than females.

1.2.26 Dicliptera polymorpha – Discovery of fire resistant floral species

A new fire-resistant double-blooming flowering species has been discovered in the Western Ghats that starts flowering in response to grassland fires and has an inflorescence structure that is rare among Indian species.
Dicliptera polymorpha is a distinctive species, notable for its fire -resilient, pyrophytic habit and its unusual dual – blooming pattern.
Apart from its distinctive post-monsoon flowering, the species also flowers for a second time with a vigorous burst, triggered by fires set by local people in the grasslands.

1.2.27 Discovery of the world’s largest coral

Scientists say they have found the world’s largest coral in an area known as the Three Sisters near the Solomon Islands in the Pacific Ocean. This is not a coral reef but a single coral.
This coral is so massive that researchers sailing in the crystal waters of the Solomon Islands initially thought they had stumbled upon a giant shipwreck.
111 feet wide and 104 feet long, the “mega coral” is three times larger than the previous record holder, according to the research team.
The previous record for being the largest coral belongs to a coral near American Samoa called “Big Momma”.

1.2.28 National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

Recently, Delhi has been ranked among the lowest five cities in terms of utilisation of funds under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP).
68% of funds not being utilised, Delhi’s performance against air pollution has not been satisfactory.
National Clean Air Programme was launched in January 2019
It aims to reduce PM10 levels by 40% or meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) by the year 2025-26.
Target cities: Non-Attainment Cities (NAC) – which failed to meet the National Air Quality Standards from 2011 to 2015.

1.2.29 Bhu-Neer Portal

Bhu-Neer Portal

Ministry of Jal Shakti launched “Bhu-Neer” portal during the 8th India Water Week – 2024, a landmark initiative aimed at enhancing groundwater regulation in India.
Bhoo-Neer Portal was developed by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti in collaboration with National Informatics Centre (NIC).
It aims to improve groundwater regulation, ensure transparency, efficiency and sustainability in groundwater use.
The portal has a centralized database for groundwater compliance and policies, which enhances ease of doing business by simplifying groundwater regulation.
CGWA has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to regulate and control the development and management of ground water resources in the country.

1.2.30 Water Pollutant Detection Device Aerotrack

Researchers at IIT Bombay have developed an affordable and compact device called Aerotrac that detects harmful pollutants like phenol, benzene and xylenol in water.
Priced under Rs 5,000, the device aims to transform water quality monitoring, especially in rural and underprivileged areas.
uses a bacterial biosensor (MopR) to detect harmful pollutants, causing a colour change that is measured by a light emitting diode (LED) system.

1.2.31 Mnemiopsis leidyi – jellyfish with reverse development

Two scientists in Norway have discovered that comb jellyfish of the species Mnemiopsis leidyi change from a mature “lobate”, or lobed, adult to an early larval stage when under stress.
The researchers showed that reverse development can also occur in non-Cnidaria groups, bouncing back from the debilitating limits of the body that is capable of doing so.
This is not the first time scientists have discovered an “immortal jellyfish”. In the 1980s, two young scientists, Christian Sommer and Giorgio Bavestrello, observed that adult Turritopsis dohrnii jellyfish also had the ability to reverse development when stressed.
Instead of dying when they get old, they return to an earlier stage of their life cycle.
Turritopsis dohrnii and Mnemiopsis leidyi are both “jellyfish, ” but they belong to different groups, cnidarians and ctenophores, respectively, and each have different “body plans.”

1.2.32 Amorphophallus titanum

Blooming of Amorphophallus Titanum was the centre of attraction at the Geelong Botanical Garden in Australia.
The Titan Arum does not bloom naturally in Australia. It is native to Sumatra in Indonesia.
The Amorphophallus titanum (called Titan Arum for short) flower blooms once a decade and is one of the largest flowers in the world – growing to over 10 feet in height.
The titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) has the largest flower structure of any plant in the world, growing up to 3 meters above the ground.
When the plant blooms, it smells like rotting flesh, hence it is called ’corpse flower‘. This scent helps attract pollinators during its short-lived flowering period. This process is called ’sapromyophily’.
Although the Titan Arum has a lifespan of over 30–40 years, it flowers only occasionally.

1.2.33 National Dolphin Research Centre

The National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC) in Patna continues to face inactivity even eight months after its inauguration, underlining the significant challenges and initiatives in the conservation of the Ganges river dolphin.
The NDRC, inaugurated in 2024, is dedicated to research and conservation of the Ganges River Dolphin.
It focuses on the Ganga River and aims to facilitate studies on dolphin behaviour, habitat and conservation threats.
Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar is a sanctuary dedicated to dolphins

Conservation status:

IUCN: Endangered
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule- I & IV
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES): Appendix -I
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix -I.

1.2.34 Jim Corbett National Park

Supreme Court of India (SC) while considering the issue of plying of private buses through the core and buffer zones of Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, stressed on striking a balance between wildlife conservation and the needs of the local community.
Jim Corbett National Park, located in Nainital district of Uttarakhand, is a part of the Corbett Tiger Reserve.
Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park for the conservation of the Bengal tiger, it is the oldest national park in India and the first national park to be included in Project Tiger in 1973.

1.2.35 Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve

India has recently notified the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla (GGTP) Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh as the 56th tiger reserve of the country.
Chhattisgarh previously had three tiger reserves: Indravati, Udanti-Sitanadi, Achanakmar.
It is the third largest Tiger Reserve in India after Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam (Andhra Pradesh) and Manas (Assam).
Tiger reserves in India are notified by state governments under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. This process is done on the advice of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).

1.2.36 Mahadei Wildlife Sanctuary

Recently, an adult tigress and three cubs were spotted in Goa’s Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) for the first time since the year 2020.
Shares its border with both Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Mhadei River flows through this sanctuary.

1.2.37 Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki Volcano

The eruption of Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki volcano in the southeastern part of Indonesia’s Flores Island in the first week of November claimed the lives of 10 people.
This place is locally known as Male-Female Mountain.
“Laki laki” means male, while its partner, lewotobi perempuan, is female. Lewotobi Laki Laki is one of 120 active volcanoes in Indonesia, an archipelago of 280 million people.
The country is prone to earthquakes, landslides and volcanic activity as it lies on the “Ring of Fire,” a horseshoe-shaped series of seismic fault lines around the Pacific Ocean.

1.2.38 ‘Tsunami ready’ coastal villages

24 Villages in Odisha are recognised as ‘Tsunami Ready’ by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-UNESCO).
These villages are located in the districts of Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri and Ganjam.
Apart from this, Tsunami Ready recognition certificates were renewed for two villages in the state. These villages are Noliasahi in Jagatsinghpur district and Venkatraipur in Ganjam district. They were considered Tsunami Ready in 2020.
The UNESCO -IOC Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme (TRRP) is an international community-based effort to promote risk prevention and mitigation in global coastal areas.
This voluntary, performance-based community recognition program is a collaborative effort to meet the Tsunami Ready standard.
12 indicators to provide consistent assessment standards. This accreditation can be renewed every four years.

1.2.39 Biofloc Technology and Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS)

India’s aquaculture sector has rapidly adopted biofloc technology and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). These processes offer advantages such as faster production, sustainability and less environmental impact, and are also effective in keeping diseases at bay.
Biofloc Technology (BFT) is actually a closed tank based fish farming technique that cleans the water in the fish tank using beneficial bacteria (known as floc).
Heterotrophic bacteria (typically Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Acinetobacter, and Alcaligenes) are used to convert organic waste (such as uneaten feed and fish waste) into microbial biomass that can be consumed by fish or shrimp.
This process keeps the water clean without the need for frequent water changes and also reduces the risk of disease in the fish. The water stays clean, so farmers do not need to rely on external use of chemicals or antibiotics.
Biofloc technology also saves money on feed, as fish can get additional nutrients from recycled waste, making fish farming sustainable, economical and environmentally friendly.

Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS)

Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) is also a closed loop tank-based farming that recycles water after filtration.
RAS filters and cleans the water in the tank, removing waste and keeping it safe for fish to live in.

1.2.40 Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics – 2024

‘Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics – 2024’was released by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India.
According to this, the country is expected to produce 239.30 million tonnes of milk during 2023-24. This is a compound annual growth of 5.62% in the last 10 years. In 2014-15, milk production was 146.3 million tonnes.
India ranks top in milk production globally and second in egg production.
Uttar Pradesh produces 16.21% of total milk in the country and tops the milk production followed by Rajasthan (14.51%), Madhya Pradesh (8.91%).
Andhra Pradesh is the largest egg producing state with a share of 17.85% in the total egg production in the country, followed by Tamil Nadu (15.64%).
West Bengal is the largest meat producing state with a share of 12.62%.
Rajasthan is the major contributor to total wool production with a share of 47.53 %, followed by Jammu and Kashmir (23.06%).

1.2.41 Heo Hydroelectric Project

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved an investment of Rs 1939 crore for the construction of Heo Hydro Electric Project in Shi Yomi district of Arunachal Pradesh.
The estimated completion period for the project is 50 months. The project with an installed capacity of 240 MW (3 x 80 MW) will generate 1000 Million Units (MU) of energy.
The power generated from the project will help in improving the power supply situation in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

1.2.42 Salt chimneys in the Dead Sea

Recently, researchers have discovered unique salt chimneys on the floor of the Dead Sea, which are formed by extremely salty groundwater.
There are vertical mineral formations created by salty groundwater rising from the Dead Sea, which crystallizes salt on contact.
These chimneys are formed by the upward flow of hypersaline salt water from aquifers, which crystallizes upon contact with the Dead Sea water.
Chimneys are early indicators of sinkhole risk, as they form rapidly and provide clues to areas susceptible to karstification and land collapse.
Located between Israel and Jordan, this salt lake is situated 430 meters below sea level.

1.2.43 Dhudhmaras Village

Dhudhmaras, a village in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, has been selected by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) to participate in the Best Tourism Village Upgradation Program (BTVUP) under the United Nations Tourism Program for Rural Development (UNTRDP).
Kanger Ghati National Park Located in, Dhudmarash is surrounded by dense forests, Kanger River and rich biodiversity, making it a major ecotourism destination.
Kanger River flows through this park. It was declared a national park in 1982.
UNWTO establishes in 1975 and headquartered in Madrid, Spain, promotes responsible, sustainable and accessible tourism.
Goal 8.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) focuses on promoting sustainable tourism that creates jobs and preserves local culture and products.

1.2.44 Indian Equatorial Electrojet Model – IEEJ

Recently, scientists from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG), Navi Mumbai have developed the Indian Equatorial Electrojet Model to accurately predict the equatorial electrojet over the Indian region.
A ground-based magnetometer at the Tirunelveli station, located near the southern tip of India, is used for regular equatorial electrojet (EEJ) measurements.
Equatorial Electrojet is a focused, intense electric current that flows within the Earth’s ionosphere at an altitude of about 105–110 km above the geomagnetic equator.
The southern tip of India is close to the Earth’s geomagnetic equator, where a strong current exists.

1.2.45 Wayanad landslide

Citing existing provisions and funds available for relief work, the Central Government has informed Kerala that the Wayanad landslide that occurred in July 2024 cannot be declared a ‘national disaster’.
The landslide in Wayanad caused huge loss of life and property, forcing the Kerala government to seek aid of Rs 900 crore from the Centre for relief and rehabilitation.
The Central Government clarified that there is no provision to declare any disaster as a “national disaster” under the existing guidelines of State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).
The Central Government said that disaster management is primarily the responsibility of the state and the Centre will provide logistical and financial support for it.

1.2.46 Cyclonic storm ’Fengal ‘

Cyclone ’Fengal’ hit the coast between North Tamil Nadu and Puducherry on November 30.
The sea has taken a dangerous form in Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu.
The name of this storm’Fengal’has been proposed by Saudi Arabia.
It is an Arabic word, a mixture of linguistic tradition and cultural identity.

1.3 Governance, Constitution, and Polity

1.3.1 51st Chief Justice of India (CJI)

President Draupadi Murmu administered the oath of officeto Supreme Court judge Justice Sanjiv Khanna as the 51st Chief Justice of India (CJI). His term will last till May 13, 2025.
Justice Sanjiv Khanna’s uncle, the great Justice HR Khanna, advocated personal liberty in the ADM Jabalpur case during the Emergency in 1977, due to which he lost the post of Chief Justice of India.
He resigned as a Supreme Court judge after Indira Gandhi ignored him and appointed a junior judge as the Chief Justice of India (CJI).

1.3.2 Right to shelter

The Supreme Court on November 13 delivered its verdict on petitions seeking directions against “bulldozer actions” by state governments to demolish properties of persons accused of a crime.
This action violates the constitutional guarantee of right to shelter under Article 21.
The apex court had invoked Article 142 of the Constitution (Complete Justice) used extraordinary powers to issue several “binding directions” to fix accountability on public authorities. These instructions include giving 15 days’ notice before demolishing such houses.
These instructions will not apply in case of encroachment on public property or if demolition is ordered by the court.
Justice Gavai said the government cannot consider itself a judge to convict an accused without a trial and then impose “collective punishment” on him and his family by bulldozing his and his family’s home and the memories they share.

1.3.3 Finance Commission Conference – Devolution for Development 2024

Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj organised a one day Finance Commission Conference – Devolution to Development at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
Chaired by Dr. Arvind Panagariya, Chairman, 16th Finance Commission, the conference brought together key stakeholders to discuss the role of State Finance Commissions (SFCs) in effective allocation of funds to Rural Local Bodies (RLBs).
Article 243 I of the Indian Constitutionprovides that the Governor of a State shall constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayats within one year of the commencement of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 and at the expiration of every fifth year thereafter.
Article 243Y of the Constitution Provides that the Finance Commission constituted under article 243 I shall make the above mentioned recommendations in respect of municipalities also.

1.3.4 Supreme Court upheld the inclusion of the words ‘socialist, secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution

The Supreme Court in its decision on November 25 upheld the inclusion of the words ‘socialist, secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution. This order came on petitions filed in 2020.
The petition challenged the validity of addition of the words ’socialist’and ‘secular’ in the Preamble through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment of 1976.
The petitioners argued that these words were added with retrospective effect. They argued that the Preamble of the Constitution mentions 26 November 1949 as the date of adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly, whereas these words were added in 1976, which is a fraud on the Constitution.
Furthermore, he argued that the word ‘secular’was deliberately left out during Constituent Assembly discussions and that the word ‘socialist’ hindered the elected government from pursuing other economic policy options, while the government represented the will of the people and was free to choose any option.
However, the Supreme Court ruled that the Preamble is an inseparable part of the Constitution. Also, that Parliament has the unquestionable power to amend the Constitution under Article 368.

1.3.5 Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman Campaign

IIT Guwahati on the occasion of 75th anniversary of Indian Constitution The third regional program of ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ campaign was organized.
The event saw the release of Samvidhaan Katta magazine, a comic book and podcast highlighting the legal rights and the role of women in the Constitution of India.

1.3.6 One Nation – One Subscription Plan

The Union Cabinet has approved a new Central Sector Scheme, One Nation One Subscription, to provide nationwide access to scholarly research articles and journal publications.
The scheme will be administered through a simple, user-friendly and completely digital process.
This will be a “One Nation One Subscription” facility for government higher education institutions and research and development laboratories of the Central Government.

1.3.7 Grievance Redressal Assessment and Index (GRAI) 2023

Recently GRAI 2023 was launched by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.
The objective of this initiative is to evaluate and improve the grievance redressal mechanism of various Central Ministries and Departments of India.
Based on four dimensions (efficiency, feedback, domain, organizational commitment) and 11 indicators, evaluation of 89 central ministries and departments under the GRAI Index makes comparative analysis of grievance redressal possible.
The data used for this evaluation was collected from the Centralized Public Grievance Redressal and Management System (CPGRAMS), ensuring a standardized evaluation process.
CPGRAMS is an online platform available 24×7 to citizens to register their complaints with the public authorities on any issues related to service delivery.

1.3.8 WAVES OTT Platform

Recently Prasar Bharati launched its OTT (Over-the-Top) platform WAVES to meet the growing demand for digital streaming services in India.
It offers a variety of content including live TV, video on demand, radio streaming, games and e-commerce through the ONDC network.
The platform offers downloads and most of the content for free, while premium features are available through subscription plans.
OTT refers to streaming services that deliver content via the internet, bypassing traditional broadcasting methods.
In the year 2022, the Central Government introduced the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 to regulate OTT platforms.

1.3.9 State foundation day

Recently, the Prime Minister extended greetings to the states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka and Kerala on their Foundation Day (1 November).
Madhya Pradesh, 1956; Karnataka, 1956; Kerala, 1956; Haryana, 1966; Chhattisgarh, 2000

1.3.10 25th Uttarakhand Foundation Day

25th anniversary of Uttarakhand, Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed his views celebrating the progress of the state.
Uttarakhand was formed on 9 November 2000 as the 27th state of India.
It was carved out of northern Uttar Pradesh.
Himachal Pradesh lies to its north-west and Uttar Pradesh to its south.
It shares international border with China (Tibet) in the north and Nepal in the east.

1.4.1 Chetna 3.0 Campaign

The Rural Development Department of the Government of India has launched a new campaign, Nayi Chetna, against gender violence.
It will support women in every village through self-help groups to combat gender-based violence.
Recently launched national initiative against gender-based violence, New Chetna Abhiyan is having its third edition (Chetna 3.0).
The month-long campaign organised by Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development will be run across all Indian states and union territories till December 23.
Nayi Chetna 3.0 include raising awareness about all forms of gender-based violence, encouraging communities to speak up and demand action, providing access to support systems for timely assistance, and empowering local institutions to act decisively against violence.

1.4.2 First Ministerial Conference on the Elimination of Violence against Children

First Ministerial Conference on the Elimination of Violence against Children was held in Bogota, the capital of Colombia.
It was organised by the Governments of Colombia and Sweden in partnership with WHO, UNICEF and the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for ending violence against children.
According to WHO, half of the world’s children face some form of violence. Every year 1 billion children suffer physical, emotional and sexual abuse.
WHO and its partners have developed a package of evidence-based actions called “ INSPIRE: Seven strategies to end violence against children”.
The package is supplemented with RESPECT, that is strategies to prevent violence against women and girls.

1.4.3 Adoption Awareness Month

Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) celebrates the month of November as National Adoption Awareness Month to promote legal adoption.
It is a statutory body established under the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015, functioning under the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
It is the nodal body for adoption of Indian children, entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring and regulating adoption at the intra-country and inter-country level.
Intercountry adoption in India follows the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, 1993, which was ratified by the Government of India in the year 2003.
Adoption Awareness Month 2024 is “Rehabilitation of Older Children through Foster Care and Foster Adoption,”

1.4.4 The right to accessibility for persons with disabilities is a fundamental right: Supreme Court

A Supreme Court bench headed by outgoing Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud said that the right to access environments, services, and opportunities for persons with disabilities is an essential human and fundamental right.
This decision brings the fundamental right to access within the golden triangle of rights of Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India.
The apex court acknowledged that the provisions of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 and the rules notified thereunder were not being considered mandatory.
The bench directed the Central government to make mandatory rules to ensure accessibility of public places and services to persons with disabilities.
Being a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), India is bound to promote accessibility as an essential right.

1.4.5 Divya Kala Mela

The Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, is organizing the Divya Kala Mela in collaboration with the National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC).
Divya Kala Mela represents an important milestone in India’s journey towards inclusion and empowerment of persons with disabilities.
In this exhibition, Divyangjans display their products and skills. This fair is a big platform for the economic empowerment of Divyangjans

1.4.6 Jan Jatiya Gourav Diwas- 2024

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi launched the 150th birth anniversary celebrations of Bhagwan Birsa Munda on the occasion of Jatiya Gourav Diwas (15 November).
The Prime Minister unveiled a commemorative coin and postage stamp in honour of Bhagwan Birsa Munda.
The stamp designed by Shri Shankha Samant features a powerful depiction of Lord Birsa Munda, showing him in the background addressing his followers.
Contribution of tribal communities, especially contribution to India’s freedom struggle, on 15 November every year from 2021 Tribal Pride Day (Janjatiya Gaurav Divas) to honour the It is celebrated.

1.4.7 First Bodoland Festival inaugurated

1st Bodoland Mohotsav

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated the first Bodoland Festival on 15 November in New Delhi.
It is a two-day mega event on language, literature and culture to maintain peace and build a vibrant Bodo society.
Its objective is to promote ecological biodiversity and tourism potential of Bodoland.
Theme of this festival is ‘Peace and Harmony for Prosperous India’.
Rich Bodo arts and crafts like Aronnaye, Dokhona, Gamsa, Karai – Dakhini, Thorkha, Jau Gishi, Kham and other products which have received Geographical Indication (GI) tag were showcased during the festival.
The Bodo tribes of Assam are the largest ethnolinguistic group in India They are a part of the larger Bodo-Kachari family groups.

1.4.8 Siddi Community

The recently released film (Rhythm of Dammam) highlights the marginalised Siddi community in India.
They are descendants of African slaves brought by the Portuguese during the trans-Indian Ocean slave trade in the late 17th century.
These show similarity with the physical characteristics of Negroids.
These are called Habshi and Badsha.
They live mainly around the western coast of India (especially the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka).
In India the central government classified the Siddi in the list of Scheduled Tribes in the year 2003.

1.4.9 PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme

The Union Cabinet has approved the Pradhan Mantri Vidyalaxmi Scheme to provide financial assistance to meritorious students for higher education.
It is in line with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and aims to provide collateral-free, guarantor-free loans to students.
The scheme covers all higher education institutions, public and private, ranked in the top 100 in the overall, category-specific and domain- specific rankings of the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).
HEIs and central government-administered institutions ranked between 101-200 in the NIRF rankings are included in it.

1.4.10 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Rural

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY -Gramin), launched on 20 November 2016, marks eight successful years of empowering the poorest of the poor in the country with secure housing.
Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development
For homeless families (families who do not have any shelter) and kutcha houses (houses with kutcha walls/roofs)
₹1.20 lakh for plain areas and ₹1.30 lakh for North-East, hilly and Himalayan areas.
Minimum size: 25 sqm, including clean cooking space.
Loan up to ₹70,000 available at 3% low interest rate.
Convergence with other schemes:

₹12,000 for toilet construction, MGNREGA: 95 days of wage employment for construction work.

LPG connection for beneficiaries.

1.4.11 Prime Minister Vishwakarma Yojana

Since the launch of PM Vishwakarma Yojana, it has played a vital role in supporting traditional craftsmen and artisans across the country.
Started in the year 2023
uplift traditional artisans and craftsmen by enhancing the quality and market access of their products and integrating them into domestic and global value chains
provide Financial Aid, Training, and Marketing assistance etc.
Beneficiaries are recognized through PM Vishwakarma Certificate and ID Card.
central sector scheme
Organised by Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME)

1.5 International Relations and Defense Exercises

1.5.1 First Integrated Check Post on Indo-Bhutan border

The first Integrated Check Post (ICP) on the Indo-Bhutan border was inaugurated at Darranga in Assam.
The Land Ports Authority of India under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs develops and manages Integrated Check Posts (ICPs).
India built its first Integrated Check Post at Attari on the international border between India and Pakistan, located about 28 kilometres from the holy city of Amritsar.
The Central Government develops Integrated Check Posts at the international land borders of the country with the objective of facilitating cross-border movement of passengers and goods.
India has established Integrated Check Posts at a total of 13 locations.

1.5.2 Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has expressed concern over the decision of Bangladesh’s interim government, led by Nobel laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus, to revoke the permanent and temporary press accreditation cards of 30 more journalists.
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) is an independent, nonprofit organization that promotes press freedom worldwide.
It was founded in 1981 by a group of American reporters.
CPJ is headquartered in New York and has an office in Washington, DC.
CPJ is funded solely by contributions from individuals, companies, and foundations. CPJ does not accept government funding.

1.5.3 Global Appeal for 2025

The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has launched a Global Appeal for 2025 for $ 10 billion to address the critical needs of millions of refugees, displaced and stateless people around the world and implement lasting solutions.
UNHCR ‘s global appeal comes amid a surge in humanitarian crises, as conflict, persecution and the increasing impacts of climate change force millions of people from their homes.

1.5.4 Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-Professionals Schemes: MATES

Australia has come up with a new scheme that allows talented youth from India to work in the country for a period of time.
It offers Indian university graduates and early-career professionals the opportunity to work in Australia for up to two years.
100 universities in India as per the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) rankings 2024 will be eligible for the scheme.

1.5.5 ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) Joint Committee

6th ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) Joint Committee and related meetings to discuss the review of AITIGA were held on 15-22 November 2024 at Vanijya Bhavan, New Delhi.
The meeting was attended by heads and representatives from all 10 ASEAN countries namely Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
There are 8 Sub-Committees under the AITIGA Joint Committee to negotiate aspects related to tariff measures, standards and technical regulations, customs procedures, economic and technical cooperation, trade remedies, legal and institutional provisions, Market access, Rule of origin, Sanitary-phytosanitary (SPS)

1.5.6 VINBAX 2024 Exercise

The 5th edition of the bilateral Army exercise “ VINBAX 2024” between Vietnam and India is being held in Ambala.
The exercise is being conducted from 04 to 23 November 2024 at Ambala and Chandimandir.
This is the first time that bi-service level participation is taking place between Army and Air Force personnel of the two countries.
The objective of VINBAX-2024 is to comply with Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The initiative is to enhance joint military capabilities of the two sides by deploying engineer companies and medical teams to undertake engineering tasks as part of the United Nations contingent in peacekeeping operations.

1.5.7 AUSTRAHIND Exercise 2024

The third edition of the India-Australia joint military exercise, Austrahind, will be held at the Foreign Training Node in Pune in November 2024.
Austrahind, which launches in 2022 in Rajasthan, has become an annual event held alternately between India and Australia.
It focusses on enhancing joint capabilities in sub-conventional operations in semi-urban and semi-desert environments in accordance with Chapter VII of the United Nations mandate.
India participates in PITCHBLACK, multinational air force exercises, hosted by Australia.

1.5.8 UNICORN Mast

India and Japan signed a Memorandum of Implementation (MoI) for “co-development” of Unified Complex Radio Antenna (UNICORN) mast.
The UNICORN mast is a conical structure that carries antennas on top of warships that enhance their stealth properties. It will be installed on Indian Navy warships under the framework of India-Japan Defence Technology Cooperation.
the India and Japan 2+2 inter-ministerial talks in August 2024, the two countries had mentioned discussions on “early transfer” of unicorns and related technologies.

1.5.9 Ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah

The US-backed ceasefire between Israel and the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah began on November 27, 2024. The agreement ended the conflict between Israel and the Iran-backed terrorist group Hezbollah.
The current ceasefire proposal is based on the provisions of Resolution 1701 passed by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in 2006.
UNSC Resolution 1701 aims to end hostilities between Hezbollah and Israel, and calls for the creation of a buffer zone as well as a permanent ceasefire.
Resolution 1701 states that the only armed groups south of Lebanon’s Litani River should be the Lebanese Army and the United Nations peacekeeping force (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon – UNIFIL).

1.5.10 Dark Tourism

The situation in Ukraine has led to “dark tourism” becoming more popular, with visitors travelling to conflict zones to see the aftermath of the war and its effects on local communities.
This type of tourism is also known as thanatourism or grief tourism, which involves visiting places associated with death and tragedy.
Reactions have varied among Ukrainian politicians and citizens, who view it either as “blood-money” or a source of income.

1.5.11 The terrible famine in Rakhine

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has warned that Myanmar’s Rakhine State, home to the Rohingya minority, is facing a severe famine due to internal conflict, economic collapse and natural disasters.
Rakhine, Myanmar’s westernmost state, is one of the poorest regions, experiencing ongoing conflict, displacement and poverty.
The Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar have been marginalized for decades due to systematic discrimination and citizenship laws, leaving them stateless and deprived of rights.

1.5.12 Norway apologizes for historical assimilation policies

Norway issued an official apology for a century of assimilation policies known as “Norwegianization” that discriminated against the Sami, Kven and Forest Finn communities.
Assimilation policies promote the integration of diverse groups into the dominant culture, often requiring them to adopt its norms, values, and language, sometimes at the cost of their own cultural identity.
The Norwegianisation process was aimed at eradicating the cultures and languages of the Sami, Kven and Forest Finns.

1.5.13 Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention

Recently the United States has approved the shipment of anti-personnel landmines to Ukraine which are banned under the Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention, 1997.
Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention, 1997 is an international agreement aimed at prohibiting the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of anti-personnel landmines.
It is commonly known as the Ottawa Convention or the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty.
It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Oslo on 18 September 1997 and entered into force on 1 March 1999.
Under this, anti-personnel landmines have been banned but anti-vehicle landmines have not been brought under its purview.
133 countries have signed this convention. Currently, 164 countries are its parties.
The US, Russia and India are not parties to this agreement. Ukraine is its signatory.

1.5.14 Brazil rejects the Belt and Road Initiative

Despite having strong economic ties with China, Brazil has opted not to join China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), becoming the second BRICS nation after India to do so.
The BRI is a strategic initiative of China to link Asia with Africa and Europe through a land and maritime network, aimed at improving regional integration, enhancing trade and promoting economic growth.
Component: Silk Road Economic Belt: Network of overland routes ; Maritime Silk Road: Maritime Connectivity

1.5.15 Balfour Declaration

Recently, the Balfour Declaration, which was issued on November 2, 1917, completed 107 years.
The Balfour Declaration (named after British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour) was a public document issued by the British government during World War I.
It supported the establishment of a “homeland for the Jewish people” in Palestine, which was at the time an Ottoman territory with a small Jewish minority.
This declaration was issued to ensure the safety of Jews amid increasing persecution in Europe.

1.5.16 G-20 summit held in Rio de Janeiro

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is attending the G-20 summit in Rio de Janeiro.
The main discussions include sustainability, social inclusion, poverty and governance reforms. Modi will also hold bilateral talks with global leaders.
As a part of G-20 Troika, India supports the inclusion of the African Union and the priorities of the Global South.

G-20

The G20 was established in 1999 as a forum for finance ministers and central bank governors following the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s.
It was raised to summit level in 2008 to address the global financial and economic crisis of 2008.
Its objective is to ensure global financial stability by involving the world’s largest advanced and emerging economies.
It has no permanent secretariat or headquarters.
The presidency of G-20 changes every year. It is provided on rotation basis.

1.5.17 Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty

Brazil launched the “Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty” in Rio de Janeiro, G20 summit, which aims to lift 500 million people out of poverty through social protection systems and cash transfers.
The initiative brings together developed countries, financial institutions and non-governmental organizations to combat hunger and poverty, with the goal of eliminating hunger globally by 2030.
Founding members: 148 founding members, including 82 countries, the African Union, the European Union, 24 international organizations, nine international financial institutions, and 31 philanthropic and non-governmental organizations.
The alliance is open to all countries, not just G-20 members, In which Brazil and Bangladesh are the first countries to join it.

1.5.18 Seven key pillars for India to strengthen ties with CARICOM

Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi became the first Indian Prime Minister in more than five decades to visit Guyana, where he co-chaired the second India-Caribbean Community (CARICOM) summit.
At the event he launched the seven-pillar framework aimed at enhancing India-CARICOM relations.
These pillars make up the acronym “CARICOM” and highlight areas of potential cooperation:
Seven Pillars Framework:

CARICOM

C – Capacity Building

A – Agriculture and Food Security

R – Renewable Energy and Climate Change

I – Innovation, Technology, and Trade

C – Cricket and Culture

O – Ocean Economy

M – Medical and Healthcare

CARICOM is a regional organisation comprising 15 countries in the Caribbean region. Its objectives are economic integration, foreign policy coordination, human resources development, and shared services cooperation.

1.5.19 New constitution in Gabon

Gabon voters have approved a new constitution presented by the country’s military leadership with 91.8% support.
Major reforms in this constitution include limiting the President’s term to two, increasing the length of each term to seven years, eliminating the role of Prime Minister, and setting stricter eligibility criteria for presidential candidates.
Gabon is located in the western coast of Central Africa, bordering Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, and the Atlantic Ocean.
Capital: Libreville
Member of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

1.5.20 Operation Sagar Manthan

Recently, the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) of India seized 700 kg of banned methamphetamine in Gujarat under Operation SAGAR -MANTHAN.
Operation “Sagar-Manthan” was launched by NCB to combat the threat to national security posed by maritime smuggling of illicit drugs.
Methamphetamine is a powerful addictive drug that affects the central nervous system.

1.5.21 Exercise ’Poorvi Prahar’ 2024

Indian Army conducts tri-service exercise, ’Poorvi Prahar’ in forward areas of Arunachal Pradesh.
It aimed to improve the combat effectiveness, inter-service coordination and operational readiness of the Army, Navy and Air Force in carrying out integrated joint operations in the challenging mountainous terrain of the region.

1.5.22 Major Ralengao ‘Bob’ Khating Gallantry Museum

Recently, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the Major Ralengao ‘Bob’ Khating Gallantry Museum in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh.
Major Khating, as an Assistant Political Officer of the then North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) and present-day Arunachal Pradesh, led the daring campaign to bring Tawang under the Indian Union in 1951 and peacefully integrated Tawang into India.
He was also instrumental in establishing the essential military and security infrastructure such as the Sashastra Seema Bal, the Nagaland Armed Police and the Naga Regiment.

1.5.23 Space Exercise- 2024

Defence Space Agency under the Ministry of Defence conducted the first three-day space exercise ’Antariksha Abhyas – 2024’.
Its objective is to be prepared to deal with the increasing variety of threats to Indian satellites (space assets) and space services in space.
Space Exercise is the first of its kind special event and will pave the way to meet national strategic objectives in the space domain and help integrate India’s space capabilities in military operations.
In March 2019, India successfully tested an anti-satellite (ASAT) test designed to destroy or disable enemy satellites in orbit under Mission Shakti.
According to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, outer space should be used only for peaceful purposes.
Kármán line at 100 km above sea level is considered to be the boundary where the Earth ends and outer space begins.

1.5.24 Sanyukt Vimochan 2024

The Indian Army successfully conducted the Multilateral Annual Joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise, ‘Sanyukt Vimochan 2024’ at Ahmedabad and Porbandar on 18-19 November 2024.
It was centered on the theme of ‘Cyclone in Coastal Region of Gujarat’.
To showcase India’s readiness for disaster response and strengthen multilateral cooperation in humanitarian assistance.
It included the Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force, Indian Coast Guard, National Disaster Response Force, State Disaster Response Force and other central and state agencies.
It included representatives of 15 organisations from nine friendly countries.

1.5.25 Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise (Bharat NCX 2024)

The Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise (Bharat NCX 2024) was a 12-day national-level cybersecurity exercise held from November 18 to 29, 2024.
It was organised by the National Security Council Secretariat and the National Defence University.
It aims to strengthen cyber security and strategic decision making capabilities in the country.
Cyber Security Awareness Month is observed every year in October.
was celebrated with the theme “Secure Our World ”.

1.5.26 ‘Eklavya’ online digital platform

Recently an online learning platform named “Eklavya” was launched for the Indian Army by the Ministry of Defence.
This initiative aligns with the Indian Army propelling itself into the “Decade of Transformation” as envisioned by the COAS (Chief of the Army Staff) and also with Indian Army’s theme for 2024 as the “Year of Technology Absorption.”
It is developed by Bhaskaracharya National Institute of Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N), Gandhinagar.

1.5.27 Optical fibre connectivity in Siachen

For the first time, Indian Army has successfully established optical fibre connectivity in Siachen and Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) to ensure high speed broadband connectivity.
Fiber optic cables use waves traveling at the speed of light to transfer digital information. It relies on total internal reflection for its operation.
Siachen is the world’s highest and coldest battlefield. It is strategically important because Pakistan is located on its left and China on its right.
It lies north of the Nubra Valley, through which the Nubra River flows.
The Nubra River, a tributary of the Shyok River, originates from the Siachen Glacier and is part of the Indus River system.
The Saltoro Ridge Glacier has been under Indian jurisdiction since Operation Meghdoot by the Indian Army in 1984, when they took control of the area before Pakistan could capture it

1.5.28 Ban on ULFA under UAPA

Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has extended the ban on United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 for five more years.
ULFA is an armed militant organisation active in Assam whose aim is to separate Assam from India.
ULFA was formed in 1979 to “restoration of the sovereignty of Assam” through armed struggle.
ULFA was first banned in the year 1990 and the ban has been renewed by time to time; the ban was last extended in the year 2019.
According to Section 35 of UAPA, 1967, if any organisation or individual promotes terrorism or separatism, the government can declare them illegal or terrorist.

1.5.29 Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’

Recently, Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan inaugurated the second edition of the Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF) in New Delhi.
CDS also launched Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’, an initiative of the Department of Military Affairs and the USI of India.
It aims to preserve and promote military heritage through education and tourism initiatives in partnership with the Department of Military Affairs and the United Services Institute (USI) of India.
USI is a national security and defense services think tank based in New Delhi, India.
The creation of the post of CDS was recommended in 2001 by a Group of Ministers (GoM) which was tasked with studying the report of the Kargil Review Committee (1999). General Bipin Rawat was the first CDS of the country and was appointed in the year 2019.

1.5.30 CISF’s first women battalion

The Home Ministry approved the formation of India’s first women battalion within the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF).
It comes following the announcement made by Home Minister Amit Shah during the 53rd CISF Day celebrations.
The establishment of the battalion will contribute to gender equality in national security.
CISF is a Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) in India.
It was established on 10 March 1969 under an Act of the Indian Parliament.
It is under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs and is headquartered in New Delhi.

1.6 Indian Economy and Economic Development

1.6.1 Tuna fish cluster

The Department of Fisheries under the Union Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying has notified the development of Tuna fish cluster in Andaman and Nicobar Islands under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
Andaman and Nicobar Islands have an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of about 6.0 lakh sq km which is rich in under-exploited marine resources, especially high value species like tuna and tuna, estimated at 60,000 metric tonnes.

1.6.2 Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)

Launched in 2020 as the flagship scheme of the Fisheries Department.
It aims to promote development of fisheries sector through integrated, concerted efforts of various initiatives.
This includes increasing productivity, post-harvest infrastructure, and regulatory framework for sustainable fisheries development.
Other clusters:

The Department of Fisheries has already identified three locations as priority areas for development,

Hazaribagh district for pearl production in Jharkhand
Madurai district in tamil for ornamental fish farming
Union Territory Lakshadweep for seaweed

1.6.3 National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)

The Supreme Court overturned the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal’s (NCLAT) decision that had supported the transfer of ownership of Jet Airways to the Jalan-Kalrock Consortium (JKC) under an approved resolution plan. The decision came after an appeal by State Bank of India (SBI) and other creditors.
The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) was constituted under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013 with effect from June 1, 2016 to hear appeals against the orders of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).

It is the appellate tribunal for:

Appeal against orders passed by NCLT under section 61 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC)
Appeal against orders passed by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board under section 202 and section 211 of the IBC
Appeal against any direction issued or decision or order passed by the Competition Commission of India (CCI)
Appeal against orders of National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)

1.6.4 Namo Drone Didi Scheme

The Government has approved the Central Sector Scheme ‘Namo Drone Didi’ for providing Drones to the Women Self Help Groups (SHGs) under DAY-NRLM, with an outlay of Rs. 1261 Crores.
It aims to empower women-led Self Help Groups (SHGs) by equipping them with drone technology to provide agricultural services.
The scheme aims to provide drone services on rental to farmers for agricultural purposes (currently useful for spraying liquid fertilizers and pesticides) to 15000 selected women SHGs during the period 2024-25 to 2025-2026.
Each SHG will be given assistance of Rs 1 lakh per year, which will contribute towards economic empowerment and sustainable livelihood generation.

1.6.5 Digital Infrastructure Growth Initiative Framework (DiGi framework)

The United States, Japan and South Korea on announced the launch of a new framework, the Digital Infrastructure Growth Initiative Framework (DiGi), that furthers their collaboration with the Indian private sector to support digital infrastructure in India.
They signed an agreement to support projects in the information and communications technology sector such as 5G, open RAN, submarine cables, optical fibre networks, telecom towers, data centres, smart cities, e-commerce, AI and quantum technology.

1.6.6 Revision in the timing of release of GDP estimates

The National Statistical Office (NSO) under Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) releases annual and quarterly estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
As per current practice, GDP press releases are released at 5:30 PM on specified dates.
However, in view of providing more time to the users/media/public to access the GDP data on the day of release, MoSPI has decided to revise the release time for press releases of GDP estimates from 5.30 pm to 4.00 pm.

1.6.7 India’s first dedicated railway test track

India’s first dedicated railway test track is under construction in Rajasthan, aimed at facilitating advanced testing of rolling stock.
60- km test track will enable high-speed testing including bullet trains and add new capabilities to the railway infrastructure.
With curves optimised for both low- and high-speed testing, the track allows a realistic assessment of how trains react to sharp turns without reducing speed.

1.6.8 State of Food and Agriculture 2024 Report

State of Food and Agriculture 2024 report has been released by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
The report analyses the quantified hidden costs of agricultural-food systems for 153 countries.
Hidden costs refer to the economic burdens that are not reflected in the market price of food products. These include health costs, environmental degradation, and social inequities that arise from the current agrifood system.
The total hidden costs of agri-food systems in India were estimated at US $1.3 trillion annually, mainly related to unhealthy dietary patterns and food intake-related risks of non-communicable diseases.

1.6.9 Domestic Systemically Important Banks: D-SIBs

State Bank of India, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank Included in the list of “Domestic Systemically Important Banks” 2024.
Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) are banks that are considered ‘Too Big to Fail’ (TBTF) in the domestic economy due to their size, complexity and interlinkages with the financial system and their continued functioning is critical for the uninterrupted availability of banking services essential for the functioning of the real economy.
D-SIBs are classified into different buckets based on their systemic importance score. And they are required to hold additional CET 1 as per their bucket.
Selection Process: RBI follows a two-stage process for selection of D-SIBs.
Sample selection: Not all banks are evaluated. Evaluation is based on size, banks with assets greater than 2% of GDP are considered.
Systemic Importance Assessment: A composite score is calculated for each bank based on indicators such as lack of substitutability, interconnectedness, etc., and banks with scores above a certain threshold are classified as D-SIBs.

1.6.10 Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs)

There are large international banks whose failure would have global implications.
G-SIBs with branches in India are required to maintain Additional CET 1.
The Financial Stability Board (FSB) has identified the 2023 list of Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) in consultation with the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and national authorities.
G-SIBs include JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America, Citigroup, HSBC, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China, Barclays and BNP Paribas.

1.6.11 Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM)

Highway developer Seagull India Ltd plans to sell five of its road projects under the hybrid annuity model (HAM) in a deal with a venture value of $ 540 million. Work has started on two of the five.
The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) is designed to encourage private sector participation in highway projects by sharing incentives and financial risks between the government and the private sector.
The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) combines engineering, procurement, construction (EPC) and build, operate, transfer (BOT).
40% of this combination is EPC model, while the remaining 60% is BOT-Annuity model.
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) pays 40% of the overall project expenditure to the concessionaires as per the hybrid annuity model.
The road developer (concessionaire) is responsible for arranging the remaining sixty percent funds (equity and debt).

1.6.12 Business Environment Ranking 2024

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) has released the Business Environment Ranking 2024.
India is the third most improved country in terms of improving business environment, which is an indicator of progress in foreign direct investment policy, foreign trade, exchange control and tax system. However, India’s overall ranking in this index is 51st.
The EIU ‘s ranking of countries based on improvements in their business environment is a more comprehensive index than the World Bank’s now-defunct Ease of Doing Business ranking.
Singapore topped the list with a score of 8.56.
India is ranked 51st with a score of 1.08.
The ranking assesses the attractiveness of doing business in 82 countries and territories.
This index is calculated over a period of time—the past five years as well as the next five years.
It covers 91 indicators across 11 categories to provide a comprehensive overview of business conditions around the world.

1.6.13 Jobs at Your Doorstep Report

The Union Education Minister launched a report titled Jobs at Your Doorstep: A Jobs Diagnostics for Young People in Six states.
The Jobs at Your Doorstep report is a skills gap analysis that attempts to align school curriculum with the industry needs of the districts where the schools are located.
This study was undertaken to redefine skill education through in-depth primary as well as secondary research in six states covered under the World Bank aided STARS programme.
Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States (STARS) Project was approved by the Cabinet in October 2020, to be implemented as a centrally sponsored scheme.
The programme is being run in six states ; Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan (collectively called the STARS States).
The report highlights the significant benefits of incorporating skill-based education from Classes 9 to 12 to prepare students for diverse career opportunities using a bottom-to-top approach.

1.6.14 International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)- Global Cooperative Conference 2024

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)- Global Cooperative Summit 2024 and launched the UN International Year of Cooperatives 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi on 25th November.
In 130 -year long history of the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), the ICA Global Cooperative Conference and ICA General Assembly were held in India first time.
Organized by Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) in collaboration with ICA and Government of India and Indian Cooperatives AMUL and KRIBHCO
The theme of the conference is “Cooperatives Build Prosperity for All,” which aligns with the Indian Government’s vision of “Sahkar Se Samriddhi” (Prosperity through Cooperation).

1.6.15 India signs Riyadh Design Law Treaty

After nearly two decades of negotiations, the member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) adopted the landmark Design Law Treaty (DLT).
By signing the Final Act of the Riyadh Design Law Treaty, India builds on its progress and reaffirms its commitment to fostering inclusive growth and ensuring equitable access to intellectual property protection.
The treaty was adopted at a diplomatic conference hosted by Saudi Arabia at the King Abdul Aziz International Conference Centre in Riyadh from November 11-22, 2024.
The treaty aims to harmonize the procedural framework for industrial design protection, improving the efficiency and accessibility of registration procedures across different jurisdictions.
It will make easier, faster and more affordable for designers around the world to protect their designs at home and abroad.

1.6.16 PM-WANI

Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI)
Recently, Government released the status of PM-Wani in the North-Eastern Region.
PM-Wani aims to accelerate the spread of Internet services across India by setting up public Wi-Fi access points for Digital India.
Launched by Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in the year 2020
It allows local businesses such as shopkeepers to set up Wi-Fi hotspots, thereby supporting the goals of the National Digital Communications Policy, 2018 by providing affordable internet access.

1.6.17 Centre for Processing Accelerated Corporate Exit (C-PACE)

Centre for Processing Accelerated Corporate Exit (C-PACE) has efficiently streamlined the company closure process to 70-90 days.
It aims to expedite the process of voluntary closure of companies within six months.
C-PACE was launched by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) to centralise and streamline the company closure process.
It functions under the Registrar of Companies (RoC), which is an office under the MCA.
Section 248 of the Companies Act, 2013, empowers the Registrar of Companies to remove the name of a company from the Register of Companies.
Voluntary liquidation under Section 59 of the IBC is now more streamlined as it does not require intervention of the NCLT to initiate the process.

1.6.18 National Gopal Ratna Award 2024

Recently Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) announced the winners of the National Gopal Ratna Awards (NGRA), 2024 under the National Gokul Mission (RGM).
It is one of the highest awards in the livestock and dairy sector and is presented on National Milk Day (26 November 2024) celebrations.

1.6.19 Atal Innovation Mission 2.0

The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) under NITI Aayog with an enhanced budget of Rs 2,750 crore, launching AIM 2.0 to strengthen India’s innovation ecosystem by 2028.
AIM 2.0 aims to expand and deepen India’s innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem.
India ranks 39th on the Global Innovation Index and is home to the world’s third largest start-up ecosystem.

Major programmes under AIM 2.0:

Language Inclusive Program of Innovation (LIPI): To establish Local Innovation Hubs in 22 scheduled languages to support non-English speaking innovators.
Frontier Programme: To create 2500 new ATLs in deprived areas like Jammu & Kashmir, North Eastern States and Aspirational Districts.
The Atal Sectoral Innovation Launchpads (ASIL) programme will set up 10 iDEX -like platforms across central ministries to integrate and procure startups across key industry sectors.

Atal Innovation Mission

Atal Innovation Mission Launched by NITI Aayog in the year 2016, it aims to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in the country.

Major Programmes under AIM:

Atal Tinkering Labs: Developing a problem-solving mindset in Indian schools using tools like 3D printing.
Atal Incubation Centres: Promoting startups globally and adding a new dimension to the incubator model.
Atal New India Challenge: To promote product innovations and tailor them to the needs of various sectors/ministries.
Mentor India Campaign: it is a national mentor network launched in collaboration with public sector, corporates and institutions to support all the initiatives of the Mission.
Atal Community Innovation Centre: To promote community-focused innovation and ideas in the underprivileged areas of the country, including Tier- 2 and Tier- 3 cities.

1.6.20 Europe’s Digital Euro

The European Central Bank (ECB) has unveiled the Digital Euro as a new central bank digital currency (CBDC) designed to modernise the payments landscape in Europe.
The digital euro aims to facilitate direct payments without intermediary banks or gateways.
It acts as a digital version of cash and enables peer-to-peer transactions even offline while maintaining the same level of anonymity as cash.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) launched the Digital Rupee (e₹) as a CBDC in the year 2022.
CBDCs are a digital form of paper currency and unlike cryptocurrencies which operate in a regulatory vacuum, they are legal tender issued and backed by a central bank.

1.6.21 Anti-dumping duty

Recently, India had imposed restrictions on import of epichlorohydrin from China, Korea and Thailand to protect domestic industries from cheap imports. Anti-dumping (AD) duty of up to US $557 per ton has been imposed.
Revenue Department has imposed anti-dumping duty for five years on the import of Epichlorohydrin, acting on the recommendations of the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR).
AD duty is imposed as a safeguard measure under the multilateral system of the Geneva-based World Trade Organisation (WTO) to ensure fair trade practices.
Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, (Anti-Dumping Agreement) governs the application of anti-dumping measures by WTO members, including India.
According to the Anti-Dumping Agreement, anti-dumping measures are adopted by a country to protect its domestic industries from harm.

1.6.22 North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS)

The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) has approved 90 projects worth ₹3417.68 crore under the North Eastern Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS) during the last three financial years (2021-22 to 2023-24) and the current financial year 2024-25.
The initiative aims to strengthen infrastructure and socio-economic development in the North Eastern Region (NER).
North Eastern Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS) is a Central Sector Scheme fully funded by the Government of India.
It aimed to boost socio-economic development of the North Eastern Region (NER) through key infrastructure projects in the year 2017-18.

1.7 Science, Technology, and Health

1.7.1 LignoSat

LignoSat is the world’s first wooden satellite, launched by Japan in November 2024
It was sent to the International Space Station (ISS) on a SpaceX mission.
The wooden satellite is made without screws or glue, reflecting traditional craftsmanship. It will orbit the Earth for six months and find out how wood reacts to adverse weather. How well can it withstand the space environment.
The temperature in the space varies dramatically between -100 ° and 100 °C. This will test the durability of wood in extreme conditions.

1.7.2 Zimbabwe’s ZIMSAT-2

Zimbabwe will launch its second satellite, ZIMSAT-2, on 5 November 2024 from Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia.
This mission is another step in the nation’s commitment towards space technology to support national development goals.

1.7.3 The AI Black Box Problem

The black box problem is a challenge in artificial intelligence (AI). It arises when it is difficult to understand how an AI system makes decisions.
Although black box is a commonly used term in airplane accidents for a device that records the aircraft’s movements, in the world of Artificial Intelligence (AI) black box is a problem due to its opaque nature.
You can give them inputs and get outputs, but you can’t examine the system’s code or the logic that produces the output. This can lead to mistrust among users of black-box AI systems.

1.7.4 Arrow -3 Missile Interception System

According to a recent report, the Israeli Ministry of Defense has begun coordinating joint preparations with the German Federal Ministry of Defense for the initial deployment of Israel’s Arrow- 3 missile interception system on German soil in 2025.
The Arrow system, consisting of the Arrow -2 and Arrow- 3 interceptors, was developed in cooperation between Israel and the United States to counter long-range ballistic missile threats.
Arrow is the top layer of Israel’s missile defenses in conjunction with Iron Dome, which destroys short-range threats such as mortars and rockets, and David’s Sling, the mid-range defender.
Arrow- 2 intercepts ballistic missiles at long ranges, while the new Arrow- 3 specializes in destroying missiles before they re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere.
Iron Dome is designed to intercept short-range rockets, as well as shells and mortars, at ranges between 4 km and 70 km from the missile launcher.
David’s Sling is designed to destroy long-range rockets, cruise missiles and medium-range or long-range ballistic missiles from ranges up to 300 km.

1.7.5 Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM)

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) on November 12 conducted the first flight test of Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM) from a mobile articulated launcher from Integrated Test Range, Chandipur off the coast of Odisha.
It is a new version of the Nirbhay LRLACM with improved features. The missile is also equipped with advanced avionics and software to ensure better and reliable performance.
The original Nirbhay missile, which has a range of 1,000 km and is intended to fly very low to the ground to avoid detection by enemy radars, called terrain hugging capability, was tested multiple times with some failures.
Once inducted into service, the LRLACM, similar to the US Tomahawk cruise missile, will provide the Indian armed forces with a long-range standoff capability to attack targets on ground.

1.7.6 Guided Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) hassuccessfully completed the flight tests of Guided Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket (MBRL).
This increases the range of Pinaka to more than 75 km.
The precision strike variant of the Pinaka Multiple Launch Rocket System is a fully indigenous weapon system developed by a network of DRDO labs.
The Indian Army has four Pinaka regiments in service and six more are on order. The Pinaka Mk1 has a range of 38 km and several extended ranges are being developed. It can fire a variety of ammunition.
There are plans to increase its range to 120 km and then to 300 km.
France is considering procuring India’s Pinaka along with other systems for its needs and a team is expected to visit India soon to carry out a detailed evaluation of the systems.
Armenia has already purchased Pinaka.

1.7.7 Flight test of India’s first “long-range hypersonic missile”

India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully completed the flight test of its first “long -range hypersonic missile” with a range of over 1500 km.
This flight test was conducted from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island near the Odisha coast.
1 Mac is equal to the speed of sound. 2 Mach is twice the speed of sound.
Subsonic: 1 Mach fewer
Supersonic: Mach 1 to Mach 5 Brahmos is a supersonic cruise missile.
Hypersonic: Mach 5 to Mach 10
High-hypersonic: greater than Mach 10

1.7.8 Operation Dronagiri

Department of Science and Technology has launched a pilot project “Operation Dronagiri” under the National Geospatial Policy 2022.
It aimed to showcase the potential uses of geospatial technologies and innovations to improve the quality of life of citizens and ease of doing business.
In the first phase, Operation Dronagiri will be implemented in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, where pilot projects will be run and use cases will be demonstrated to show the potential applications of integration of geospatial data and technology in 3 sectors – agriculture, livelihood, logistics and transportation.

1.7.9 World Intellectual Property Indicators 2024

World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) has released the World Intellectual Property Indicators 2024.
India has ranked among the top -10 countries in the world for all three major intellectual property (IP) rights – patents, trademarks and industrial designs.
India is ranked fourth globally (China is first) in trademark filings with a growth of 6.1 per cent in 2023.
India ranks sixth globally in terms of patent filing with 64 thousand 480 applications. China ranks first in patent filing.

1.7.10 Partnership for Accelerating Innovation and Research (PAIR)

Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has launched the Partnership for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) Programme to promote research excellence in Indian universities.
The programme is designed to enhance research capabilities in higher education institutions (HEIs) by pairing top-tier research institutes with institutions where research capacity is limitedand to create a supportive counselling environment.
PAIR aims to advance research excellence across the universities using a hub-and-spoke model, linking top-tier universities (the hub) with emerging institutions (the spokes) for guidance and collaboration.
ANRF has been established with the ANRF 2023 Act, it acts as an apex body to provide high-level strategic direction of scientific research in the country as per the recommendations of NEP.
With the establishment of ANRF, the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), established by an Act of Parliament in the year 2008, has been subsumed into ANRF.

1.7.11 India’s first direct-to-device satellite connectivity

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) has launched India’s first Direct-to-device satellite connectivity, agame-changing service that aims to bridge the connectivity gap in remote areas, where traditional cellular networks fall apart.
BSNL has tied up with US-based communications company Viasat, to launch the service.
This allows users to make calls and send messages without a SIM card or network connection.
BSNL’s service uses Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) technology to enable two-way communication between Earth-based devices and satellites located 36,000 kilometers above, resulting in reliable connectivity that bypasses ground-based cell towers, making it useful for remote coverage.
BSNL ‘s satellite service also has the capability to support UPI payments.

1.7.12 India’s satellite launch by SpaceX

Recently, India’s GSAT-N2 (GSAT-20) communication satellite wassuccessfully launched by SpaceX‘s Falcon-9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA.
Falcon-9 launches GSAT-N2 into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), an elliptical orbit with an altitude of about 37,000 km, which is the first step towards reaching a Geosynchronous or Geostationary Orbit (GSO).
This is India’s first collaboration with Elon Musk’s SpaceX.

1.7.13 Moiré matter

In a recent study published in the journal Nature, scientists reported that moiré materials made from semiconductor materials can be superconducting.
This is a property that was once thought to be exclusive to the graphene system.
Figuring out why semiconductor moiré materials behave differently from graphene in terms of superconductivity is important for advancing our understanding of quantum materials. This in turn could pave the way for new materials with more unusual properties and unusual applications.
Researchers discovered superconductivity in twisted bilayer tungsten diselenide (tWSe₂), a moiré material made by layering two layers of a semiconductor tungsten diselenide salt and rotating one layer by a small angle.

1.7.14 Specific protein IL-35

Guwahati-based Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) Researchers at Harvard T.H. have discovered a specific protein called IL-35 that protects the immune system by reducing specialized immune cells that produce inflammatory chemicals.
IL-35 blocks immune cells from attacking pancreatic beta cells.
These cells are also responsible for type 1 diabetes and autoimmune diabetes mellitus.
The IL-35 protein provides a new treatment option against diabetes.

1.7.15 Helicobacter pylori

Hyderabad-based Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG) hospital launched the Barry Marshall Centre for H. Pylori Research.
It is described as the first center focused on the study and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that can live in the stomach. People usually get infected with it in childhood, and it can live in the body for years without causing problems.
Even though the stomach has strong acid, H. pylori survives by making a substance that weakens the acid. Over time, this bacteria can damage the stomach’s protective lining, causing irritation and sometimes painful sores called ulcers.
H. pylori can be spread from person to person, mainly through saliva.
Australian physician Barry Marshall won the Nobel Prize in Physiology (Medicine) in 2005 for his discovery of this bacterium and its link to ulcers and gastritis.

1.7.16 RNA editing

Recently, a biotechnology company called Wave Life Sciences in Massachusetts, US, made headlines for becoming the first company to treat a genetic disease by editing RNA at a clinical scale.
Our cells synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA) using instructions encoded in DNA and then ‘read’ the instructions from mRNA to make functional proteins.
During this process of transcription, the cell can make mistakes in the sequence of mRNA and produce faulty proteins based on it. Many of these proteins cause debilitating disorders.
RNA editing allows scientists to read it before the cell can make proteins. Allows errors in mRNA to be corrected.

RNA editing compared to DNA editing

RNA editing has some advantages over DNA editing, particularly in terms of safety and flexibility.
DNA editing makes permanent changes to a person’s genome and can sometimes lead to irreversible errors. RNA editing, on the other hand, makes temporary changes, so the effects of the editing fade over time. In a clinic, this means a doctor can stop therapy if problems arise and reduce long-term risks.
Second, DNA editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 use proteins derived from certain types of bacteria to cut the error site, but these proteins can in some cases generate undesirable immune responses that may be harmful. RNA editing, on the other hand, relies on ADAR enzymes, which are already present in the human body and thus present a lower risk of allergic reactions.

1.7.17 Bacteria to solve math problems

The Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kolkata achieved a significant breakthrough by engineering bacteria to solve mathematical problems.
Researchers have engineered Escherichia coli bacteria to function as biological computers, capable of solving mathematical problems, such as determining whether a number is prime, whether a letter is a vowel, etc.
They can be activated by chemical inducers, allowing these bacteria to behave like artificial neural networks (ANNs).
The team developed bactoneurons, which are bacteria that function like neurons in neural networks.
These bacterneurons process chemical inputs and produce fluorescent proteins based on specific functions.

1.7.18 Anālakshya, Metamaterial Surface Cloaking System

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT-K) announced a major advancement in stealth technology by launching the Metamaterial Surface Cloaking System – Anālakshya.
This textile-based broadband metamaterial microwave absorber provides near perfect wave absorption over a wide area, significantly enhancing stealth capabilities against synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, and also providing effective protection against missiles using radar guidance.

1.7.19 Aphantasia

University of Glasgow researched aphantasia, a condition in which a person cannot visualise images in their mind.
Aphantasia, first mentioned by Francis Galton in the 1880s; but as a term “aphantasia” it was coined by neurologist Adam Zeman in 2015.
It affects about 2% of the population, and ongoing research is needed to understand its causes and effects.

1.7.20 Jeddah Commitments on AMR

Recently, the Fourth Global High-level Ministerial Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) concluded in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia with the adoption of the Jeddah Commitments.
The Jeddah Commitments set out practical, implementable and inter-sectoral collaboration for stakeholders to achieve AMR targets by 2030.
Its theme is “From Declaration to Implementation – Accelerating Actions Through Multisectoral Partnerships for the Containment of AMR”.
Quadripartite Joint Secretariat on AMR (QJS): Its aim is to promote efforts to prevent and reduce the increase of AMR.
Four major international organizations – World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), FAO, UNEP and WHO- have made a collaborative effort to tackle the global problem of AMR through the QJS on AMR.
AMR occurs when pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) become resistant to the effects of antimicrobial drugs, rendering treatments ineffective and increasing the risk of severe illness, disease spread, and death.
Resistant germs are called superbugs.

1.7.21 Gluten

Gluten, a protein complex found primarily in wheat, barley, and rye, is known for its usefulness in the food industry, but it is notorious for causing gluten-related disorders such as celiac disease, which affects about 2% of the population.
Gluten is composed of proteins, mainly gliadin and glutenin, that are formed when water is added to the flour of certain grains.
It provides elasticity to the dough, allowing it to rise and making baked products chewy.
It is naturally occurring and can be concentrated and added to food and other items to improve their taste, texture and protein content.
Gluten does not get completely broken down in the digestive system due to the gluten enzyme Protease. Incorrect digestion of gluten can cause gastrointestinal disorders.
Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder, is caused by gluten thatdamages the small intestine and triggers the immune system to produce too many antibodies that target the body’s own proteins.

1.7.22 India’s first biomanufacturing institute

Recently, India’s first biomanufacturing institute, “BRIC-National Agri-Food Bio-Manufacturing Institute (BRIC-NABI) was inaugurated in Mohali, Punjab.
It aims to promote India’s agri-food sector through advanced biotechnology, enhancing agricultural research and development for high-yielding crops, disease resistant crops, bio-fertilizers and biopesticides to support sustainable practices.

1.7.23 Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response

The Government of India has recently launched the ‘Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response’.
The project, supported by the Pandemic Fund, was introduced by Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh on October 25, 2024
It aims to enhance India’s capacity to manage animal health threats and prevent future epidemics of potential zoonotic diseases.
It will operate in collaboration with three major agencies: Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
Scheme of Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying
It is to be completed by August 2026.
The pandemic fund was set up in 2022 by the G20 countries under the presidency of Indonesia.
supports low- and middle-income countries in building the capacity needed to prevent, detect, and respond to potential epidemics.

1.8 Important Days, Themes, and Anniversaries

1.8.1 National Cancer Awareness Day

This day is celebrated every year on 7th November.
Its celebration is aimed to raise awareness about the increasing cancer incidence in the country and to inspire action for prevention, early detection and treatment.
India is the first country in the world to officially recognise National Cancer Awareness Day.
It was chosen to honour the birth of Nobel Prize winner Madame Marie Curie.
Madame Curie discovered radioactivity, which is helpful in cancer treatment.
Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and possibly spread throughout the body.

1.8.2 World Immunization Day 2024

Recently, World Immunization Day is celebrated every year on November 10 to raise awareness about the important role of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases and protecting people’s health.
Vaccination is done by administering a vaccine to make a person’s immune system effective and make him resistant against an infectious disease.
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP): It was initially launched in the year 1978 as ‘Expanded Programme of Immunization’(EPI), in the year 1985 it was converted into Universal Immunization Programme and expanded from urban to rural areas.
Mission Indradhanush (MI): It was launched in December 2014 with the goal of achieving 90% full immunization coverage. It particularly focuses on areas with low immunization rates, including hard-to-reach areas and communities where children are either not vaccinated or partially vaccinated.
U -WIN Portal: It is a digital platform aimed at streamlining vaccine distribution and records and ensuring that every individual can easily access and manage their vaccination records.

Public health achievements of India:

COVID -19 Vaccination: Between 16 January 2021 and 6 January 2023, India has administered over 220 crore doses, with 97% of eligible citizens having received at least one dose and 90% having received both the doses.
India achieved the target of maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination (MNTE) in April 2015, well ahead of the global target of December 2015.
India became the first country to be officially recognised as yaws-free by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2015. Yaws is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the skin, bone and cartilage.
India was officially certified polio-free in March 2014.
Leprosy was eliminated in 2005.
Smallpox was eradicated in India in the year 1977.

1.8.3 National Education Day 2024 (National Education Day 2024)

National Education Day is celebrated every year on 11 November in India in honor of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first Education Minister of independent India.
Born on 18 November 1888, Azad was a freedom fighter, educationist, scholar and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress.
He established apex educational bodies like All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and University Grants Commission (UGC).
Initiatives of the Government of India that reflect India’s commitment to building a flexible education system for all:
Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009: Through Article 21A and the 86th Constitutional Amendment, India guarantees free and compulsory education for children between six and fourteen years of age.
National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: This policy presents a transformative vision for education that aligns with the demands of the 21st century by promoting inclusiveness and modern teaching methods.
Prerana: This innovative programme was launched in January 2024, introducing selected students from across the country to an inspiring residential programme.
PM- Vidya Lakshmi Yojana: This initiative provides financial assistance to meritorious students for pursuing higher education by providing loans through a completely digital platform.
SWAYAM Plus: Launched on 27 February 2024, SWAYAM Plus focuses on employability and skill development, enhancing higher education through industry-aligned courses.
ULLAAS – New India Literacy Programme: Launched for FY 2022-27, ULLAAS supports adult literacy, enabling persons aged 15 years and above to increase literacy and contribute to the socio-economic development of the country.
PM Shri School: Launched on 7 September 2022, PM Shri School aims to scale up over 14,500 schools across India for quality education by integrating the components of NEP 2020.
Samagra Shiksha: The Samagra Shiksha programme, started on April 1, 2021, addresses educational inequalities, aiming to create an inclusive learning environment.
Nipun Bharat: This initiative aims to ensure basic literacy and numeracy for all children by the end of Class 3, which is targeted to be achieved by the year 2026-27.
Vidya Pravesh: Introduced on 29th July 2021, Vidya Pravesh provides a three-month school preparation module for Class 1 children, promoting a smooth transition to formal schooling.
Vidyanjali: Launched on 7 September 2021, Vidyanjali encourages community and corporate participation in education through volunteer contributions to enhance school quality.
DIKSHA Platform: DIKSHA, launched on 5 September 2017, enables teacher training and provides customized support to meet the diverse educational needs across states.
NISHTHA: A professional development programme for teachers, launched on 21 August 2019, NISHTHA now includes NISHTHA 2.0 for secondary teachers and NISHTHA 3.0 for basic literacy and numeracy.
NIRF Ranking: Launched in 2015, the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) provides a structured ranking system for higher education institutions, which promotes healthy competition and quality improvement.

1.8.4 World Pneumonia Day

World Pneumonia Day is celebrated every year on 12 November.
The purpose of celebrating this day is to make people aware about pneumonia and encourage them to fight this infectious disease.
Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs. Itcauses inflammation and fluid buildup.
This is an infectious disease which causes death of a large number of children every year.
The theme of World Pneumonia Day in the year 2024 was, ’Every breath counts: Stop pneumonia in its tracks ‘.
It was launched in 2009 by the Global Coalition Against Child Pneumonia.
It treats streptococcal bacteria, viruses such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), fungal infections, etc is caused by

1.8.5 World Diabetes Day 2024

It is celebrated every year on 14th November.
Its purpose To raise global awareness about diabetes.
Theme 2024: ’Breaking Barriers, Bridging Gaps‘
Diabetes is a long-term condition caused by either inadequate insulin production by the pancreas or the body’s inability to use insulin effectively.
Insulin is necessary to regulate blood sugar levels, and without proper insulin function, blood sugar can rise uncontrollably, a condition known as hyperglycemia.
Uncontrolled diabetes, especially over time, can damage many body systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.

1.8.6 International Day for the Prevention and Combatting All Forms of Transnational Organized Crime

On November 15, 2024, the first “International Day for the Prevention and Combatting of All Forms of Transnational Organized Crime” was observed.
The day was established by resolution 78/267 of the United Nations General Assembly.
It is aimed to raise awareness of the threats posed by all forms of transnational organised crime and to enhance international cooperation in this regard.
It recognised the importance of the prevention and the fight against transnational organised crime for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

1.8.7 National Press Day

This day is celebrated every year on 16th November.
It is celebrated to establish the importance of the essential role of free and responsible press in the society.
In 1966, the Press Council of India began its work as an ethical watchdog to maintain high standards of the press.
Press Council of India (PCI) first established in 1966under the Press Council of India Act, 1965.
It was dissolved in 1975 during the Emergency.
PCI was re-established in 1979 under the Press Council Act 1978.
It consists of a Chairperson (a retired Supreme Court judge) and 28 members.

1.8.8 World Toilet Day

Celebrated every year on November 19 since 2013
Promotes safe and accessible toilets as part of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (ensure access to water and sanitation for all by 2030) while raising awareness about the global sanitation crisis.
It is an initiative of the United Nations.
The theme for 2024 is “Toilets – A Place for Peace”, recognising that billions of people face increasing threats to sanitation due to conflict, climate change, natural disasters and systemic neglect.

1.8.9 International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women

This day is celebrated every year on 25th November.
It is a global effort to raise awareness of the widespread issue of violence against women and girls.
2024 Campaign: Every 10 minutes a woman is murdered #NoExcuse
Union Minister for Women and Child Development Smt. Annapurna Devi launched the national campaign “ #AbKoiBahanaNahi” on 25th November 2024 at Rang Bhavan, All India Radio, New Delhi.
The campaign calls on the public, government and key stakeholders to take actionable steps to end gender-based violence

1.8.10 National Milk Day 2024

National Milk Day, celebrated every year on 26 November, to commemorate the birth anniversary of Dr. Verghese Kurien, who is known as the “Father of White Revolution”.
November 26, 1921 in Kozhikode, Kerala, Dr. Kurien played an important role in transforming India from a milk-deficient country to the largest milk producing country in the world.
Globally, India ranks first with milk production of 230.58 million tonnes per year and it is 25% of the world milk production. The United States is at second place.
Following Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri’s visit to Anand district of Gujarat in 1964, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was formed in 1965, with the objective of supporting the creation of the Anand pattern of dairy cooperatives across the country through the Operation Flood (OF) programme.

1.8.11 Constitution Day: November 26

It is celebrated every year on 26th November.
It is also known as National Law Day.
On this day in 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India formally adopted the Constitution of India which came into force on January 26, 1950.
19 November 2015, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment notified the decision of the Government of India to celebrate 26 November as’Constitution Day’.

1.8.12 Hojagiri Day

The Reang community requested the Tripura government to recognise their language Koubru, which is the spoken language of the Bru ethnic people.
Along with this, they also demanded to declare holiday on Hojagiri Day.
On Hojagiri Day the community organises the traditional Hojagiri dance, which is a medium to showcase Tripura on the global cultural map in various parts of India and abroad.
Reang is among the 75 “ Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)” in India.

1.9 Notable Personalities and Books

1.9.1 Navin Ramgoolam is the new Prime Minister of Mauritius

Dr. Navin Ramgoolam will be the new Prime Minister of Mauritius.
He won the parliamentary elections in Mauritius
He will become the Prime Minister of Mauritius for the third time
Navin Ramgoolam is the son of Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, who led Mauritius to independence from Britain in 1968.
Mauritius is an island country located in the Indian Ocean
2,000 kilometres off the southeastern coast of the African mainland, east of Madagascar.
The capital of Mauritius is Port Louis.

1.9.2 Acharya Jivatram Bhagwandas Kriplani

The birth anniversary of Acharya Jeevatram Bhagwandas Kripalani is celebrated every year on 11 November.
Acharya Kripalani was born in Hyderabad (Sindh, now in Pakistan) in the year 1888, he was a prominent parliamentarian and crusader of social justice.
He strongly supported decentralised industrialisation, development of rural areas and employment in small and cottage industries. He was deeply inspired by the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi.
Kripalani actively participated in various movements like Champaran Satyagraha (1917), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) and Salt Satyagraha (1930).
He joined the Congress Party in the 1920s and became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1946.
He wrote his autobiography My Times and ran the weekly magazine Vigil.

1.9.3 96th death anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai

Nation is missing Lala Lajpat Rai, popularly known as Punjab Kesari, on his 96th death anniversary.
He died due to head injuries sustained after lathi charge by British police during a peaceful demonstration against Simon Commission.
Member of the Lal-Bal-Pal trinity along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.
Played an important role in the Swadeshi movement, promoting Indian goods and boycotting British products.
Founded the Indian Home Rule League in America in 1917.
He served as Congress President in 1920, a transition period for the party.

1.9.4 Rani Lakshmi bai

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Rani Lakshmibai, a symbol of women’s valour, on her birth anniversary.
Her original name was Manikarnika. Later she was recognized as Lakshmibai.
She was born on November 19, 1828 in Varanasi.
She was the child of Moropant Tambe and was brought up in an environment full of courage and bravery.
At a young age, she was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, the Maharaja of Jhansi, and adopted a son named Damodar Rao.
After her husband’s death in 1853, the British attempted to annex Jhansi using the Doctrine of Lapse, which she strongly opposed.
During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, she took up arms and led her army to defend Jhansi.
Rani Lakshmibai was martyred on June 18, 1858 while leading her army in the Battle of Gwalior.

1.9.5 Duma Boko becomes new president of Botswana

Duma Boko, the new President of Botswana, has won a historic victory, ending six decades of rule of the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP).
Duma Boko is associated with the Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC)
Duma Boko, a 54- year-old human rights lawyer, has attracted attention for her confidence, humility, and strong commitment to justice.
Botswana is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa.
Its capital is Gaborone.
is known as the “Land of Diamonds” because of its massive diamond mining industry.
It is surrounded by the Kalahari Desert and is known for its diverse wildlife, especially the Okavango Delta, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

1.9.6 Books and Authors

Book	Author
Gods, Guns and Missionaries	Manu S. Pillai
The Ivory Throne	Manu S. Pillai
Rebel Sultans	Manu S. Pillai
Speaking With Nature	Ramachandra Guha
Living the Asian Century	Kishore Mehboobani

1.10 Awards and Recognitions

1.10.1 Booker Prize 2024

British author Samantha Harvey won the Booker Prize 2024 for his fiction “Orbital”.
“Orbital” is based on the characters of six fictional astronauts aboard the International Space Station, who experience 16 sunrises and 16 sunsets in a day.
The Booker Prize was established in 1969 and is awarded for novels originally published in English in Britain or Ireland.
The International Booker Prize was started in 2005 as the Man Booker International Prize and it was given for novels translated into English.
Originally written in English (Booker Prize) or translated into English (International Booker Prize)
In 2019 both prizes were renamed the Booker Prize

1.10.2 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Global Peace Award

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded the’Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Global Peace Award for Minority Upliftment’.
The award was jointly presented by Washington Adventist University and the Association of Indian American Minorities (AIAM).
The award recognises PM Modi’s efforts towards inclusive development and minority welfare.

1.10.3 Ballon d’Or Prize 2024

Recently Spanish footballers Rodri and Aitana Bonmatí won the Ballon d’Or award 2024 for the best male and female football player respectively.
Manchester City’s Rodri won his first Ballon d’Or and became the first Spanish player to win the men’s award since 1960.
While FC Barcelona’s Aitana Bonmatí retained her Ballon d’Or title in women’s football.
Lionel Messi holds the record for the most Ballon d’Or awards, having won it eight times.
Cristiano Ronaldo has won the prestigious Best Footballer award five times.

1.10.4 Rohini Nayyar Award

Anil Pradhan, a 28 -year-old social worker from Odisha, received the third Rohini Nayyar prize for his role in rural development
28 -year-old engineer and educationist from Baral village, Odisha, Anil Pradhan is the co-founder of Young Tinkers Foundation.
‘Tinker-on-Wheels’ a mobile lab was launched, which provides hands-on experience with equipment like robotics and 3D printing, with the aim of reaching out to students in remote areas.
The Rohini Nayyar Award was instituted by the Nayyar Foundation for Social and Economic Purposes to honour individuals who have made significant contributions to rural development in India.
It is warded to persons below the age of 40 years.
First awarded in the year 2021 after the demise of Rohini Nayyar.
It consists of a cash prize of Rs 10 lakh, a citation and a trophy.
Rohini Nayyar was an economist and IAS officer who worked with the Planning Commission of India from 1987 to 2005 in rural development and advocated new approaches to poverty and social upliftment.

1.10.5 Grammy Award

Indian musicians Ricky Kej and Anoushka Shankar have been nominated for the 67th Grammy Awards to be held on February 2, 2025 in Los Angeles.
Grammy Awards were established by National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS) in 1959.
It recognises outstanding musical talent and innovation and rewards artists for excellence in over 80 categories.
Winners will receive global recognition, advanced career opportunities and the Grammy trophy, a symbol of musical excellence.

1.10.6 Coal India Limited won the Green World Award

CIL, under the Ministry of Coal has been awarded the prestigious Green World Environment Award 2024 inthe Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) category.
The award recognises CIL’s groundbreaking work in the field of treatment of thalassemia through stem cell transplant, which has benefited more than 600 patients.
CIL has also been nominated as Green World Ambassador for its commitment towards environmental sustainability.
Thalassemia is a heterogeneous group of blood disorders that affect the hemoglobin gene and result in ineffective erythropoiesis.

1.10.7 Dominican honour for PM Narendra Modi

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded Dominica’s prestigious national honour “Dominic Award of Honour” for his leadership and support during the Covid -19 pandemic.
The award was presented by President Sylvanie Berton during the second India-CARICOM summit held in Guyana, symbolising the growing ties between Dominica and India. PM Modi dedicated the honour to the citizens of India and their cultural ties.
The Commonwealth of Dominica is a small island nation located in the Caribbean Sea. It is known as the “Natural Island of the Caribbean”.

1.10.8 Guyana’s highest national award to PM Modi

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will be conferred Guyana’s highest honour “The Order of Excellence” on November 20, 2024 for his visionary leadership, global advocacy for developing countries and efforts to strengthen India-Guyana relations.
In his speech, Prime Minister dedicated the award to the people of India and highlighted the historic and growing friendship between the two countries.
Guyana is located on the northern coast of South America and is known for its lush rainforests, vibrant culture and booming economy.
It is the only English-speaking country in South America that maintains strong ties with the Caribbean region.

1.10.9 Women’s Asian Hockey Champions Trophy 2024

Indian women’s hockey team defeated China 1-0 to win the Bihar Women’s Asian Champions Trophy 2024 title.
This final was played at Rajgir Hockey Stadium in Bihar.
The Indian team also won the 2023 title. This is the team’s second consecutive title.
The Indian team won the first title with Harendra Singh as the head coach.
India won the title for a record third time by defeating China 1–0 in the final.
Deepika was the hero of India’s victory, who scored the only goal of the match.
Teams from 6 countries participated in it – India, China, Japan, Malaysia, Korea and Thailand
The Indian team was led by Salima and vice-captain Navneet Kaur.

1.11 Miscellaneous Topics

1.11.1 QS World University Rankings: Asia 2025

Two Indian institutions have found a place in the top 50 and seven in the top 100 of the QS Asia Rankings 2025.
It reflects the dynamic landscape of higher education in the Asian continent
Two Indian institutes – IIT Delhi (44th) and IIT Bombay (48th) – got place in the top 50.
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) has achieved the highest ranking for India.
The top 100 includes seven Indian institutions ; IIT Delhi (44th), IIT Bombay (48th), IIT Madras (56), IIT Kharagpur (60), Indian Institute of Science (62), IIT Kanpur (67), and University of Delhi (81).
India has the most number of institutions in the latest rankings. The Indian education sector has made impressive progress globally and within Asia.

1.11.2 Unveiling of TeacherApp

Union Education Minister Shri Dharmendra Pradhan unveiled TeacherApp in New Delhi, an innovative digital platform designed to revolutionize education in India by equipping teachers with future-ready skills to meet the demands of 21st century classrooms.
The platform is developed by Bharti Airtel Foundation, the philanthropic arm of Bharti Enterprises.
This app will significantly empower teachers by leveraging continuous capacity building, innovative curriculum content, technology and community-building features.

1.11.3 Know Your Medicine (KYM) App

Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Dr Mansukh Mandaviya has launched a nationwide appeal to strengthen the fight against doping in sports, urging athletes, coaches and the entire sports community to adopt the’Know Your Medicine (KYM)’ app of the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA).
This innovative tool aims to empower athletes with vital information about doping, helping them avoid inadvertent doping and maintain fair play.
Know Your Medicine (KYM) App is part of NADA’s broader mission to increase anti-doping awareness and education, providing athletes with the information they need to stay clean.
The app allows users to easily verify whether a specific medicine or its ingredients contain any substances listed as banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

1.11.4 Digital Population Clock

The first Digital Population Clock was inaugurated in Bengaluru jointly by the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) and the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW).
Similar digital population clocks are being installed by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 18 Population Research Centers across India.
This clock provides Real – Time Population Updates, it will update the state population every 1.10 minutes (one minute 10 seconds) and country population data every 2 seconds.
ISEC was established in the year 1972 as an all-India institute for interdisciplinary research and training in the social sciences.

1.11.5 India’s intent to host 2036 Olympics

The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) has submitted a Letter of Intent to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) expressing the country’s desire to host the 2036 Olympic Games.
India’s Letter of Intent is in line with IOC’s sustainability policy, which encourages the use of existing infrastructure and new construction to reduce costs and minimize carbon emissions.
Only three Asian countries have hosted the Olympics so far – China, South Korea and Japan, with Japan hosting the Games twice in 1964 and 2020.

1.11.6 Deepam – 2 Free Cylinder Scheme

Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu launched the’Deepam -2’scheme at Edupuram in Srikakulam, under which beneficiaries will be given three free LPG cylinders annually.
The cost of this scheme is Rs 2,684 crore annually, in which subsidy is deposited directly into the accounts.
Its objective is to provide women the opportunity to use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking.
The scheme aims to eliminate traditional cooking methods that may be harmful to health and the environment.

1.12 UP Current Affairs

1.12.1 Extension of Sanskrit Scholarship Scheme

The Uttar Pradesh government increased the budget of this scheme to ₹586 lakh in the 2024-25 budget and made 69,195 students beneficiaries.

key objectives:

Revival of Gurukul education system
Promoting Sanskrit language and traditional education

1.12.2 Minority status to AMU

February 2024, the Supreme Court granted minority status to AMU, overturning the 2006 decision of the Allahabad High Court.

Key facts:

It is Right of minorities to establish educational institutions under Article 30(1)
AMU was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (MAO College) in 1875

1.12.3 Partial validity of UP Madrasa Education Board Act 2004

In the UP Government vs Madrasa Board case (November 2023 – February 2024), the Allahabad High Court declared higher degrees like Fazil/Kamil unconstitutional.

Major Reasons:

These degrees do not match national standards of higher education
Questions raised on the validity of recognition in government jobs and technical courses

1.12.4 Kumbh Mela 2025 Preparations

Maha Kumbh 2025, Uttar Pradesh government announced drone surveillance, cleanliness, green management to be implemented prominently.
Key Agencies: Prayagraj Mela Authority, NMCG
Central Theme: “Green Kumbh, Clean Kumbh, Safe Kumbh”

1.12.5 Launch of Nishadraj Cruises (IWAI)

IWAI (Inland Waterways Authority of India) launched this cruise service for Maha Kumbh 2025 on Ganga Waterways – from Varanasi to Prayagraj

Objectives:

Promoting religious tourism
Promoting Ganga water transport

1.12.6 Full Motion Simulator (Agra IAF)

November 2024, first full motion simulator for C-295 aircraft launched at Agra airbase

Objective:

Realistic training of IAF pilots
Decreasing the chance of accidents

Importance:

Make in India + Transfer of Technology
Tata-Airbus partnership for C-295 aircraft

1.12.7 AI Based Cyber Security Workshop (UP)

By NeGD (National e-Governance Division) and MeitY AI based cyber security training to UP officials
Location: Lucknow

Objective:

Protection of government data
Prediction and solution of cyber threats based on AI (Artificial Intelligence) & ML (Machine Learning)

1.12.8 New policy for appointment of DGP in UP

UP government implemented new policy in November 2024
Key Provisions:
6 months of service left to become DGP
Mandatory tenure of 2 years

Objective:

Administrative stability and reduction of political interference
A six-member committee headed by a retired High Court judge will be formed for the selection of DGP.
In the committee
chief Secretary,
One member from the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC),
the Chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission or an officer nominated by him in this behalf
Additional Chief Secretary or Principal Secretary Home and
Former DGP will be present.
A permanent DGP has not been appointed in the state for nearly three years.
After the new rules are made, now the government will not need the approval of UPSC for the permanent appointment of DGP.
Uttar Pradesh has become the fourth state to make new rules for the appointment of DGP.

1.12.9 Deterioration of Ganga water quality (NGT report)

According to the NGT report, 25 drains in Uttar Pradesh are falling into the Ganga without treatment

Confirmation by CPCB:

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is high in Ganga water
Questions on the functioning of Namami Gange scheme

1.12.10 Trees cutting for Kanwar Yatra

NGT seeks environmental clarification from UP government
Location: Haridwar to Western UP

Issue:

Harvesting in eco-sensitive zones
Compensation plantation and ignoring alternative routes

1.12.11 UP ‘s focus is on the gems and jewelry sector

UP government declared Meerut, Moradabad, Lucknow, Agra as Gem Clusters

Proposed Gem Hub:

32,000 square meters
Design Lab + Export Units

Objective:

Employment Generation, Women Entrepreneurship, Brand ” UP Gems”

1.12.12 Police recruitment and forensic expansion

1.5 lakh+ police recruitment till now, plan to set up forensic lab in every zone

Effect:

Improve checking speed
Technological empowerment in crime evidence analysis

1.12.13 Agra Canal Side Road Project (₹278 Cr)

4 lane road construction proposal by FMDA + Irrigation Department
Cost: ₹278 crore

Objective:

Traffic diversion, tourism connectivity, urban expansion

1.12.14 Farmers’Movement on Land Acquisition (BKU)

Union (BKU) staged a sit-in protest at Yamuna Expressway and Jewar area

Demand:

Fair compensation
Allotment of developed plot

Legal Reference:

RFCTLARR Act, 2013
Demand for reform in land acquisition policy

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Table of Contents

1. UP Current Affairs November 2024 English

1.1 History, Heritage, and Culture (UP Current Affairs November 2024 English)

1.1.1 Prehistoric footprints found in Kerala

1.1.2 Collapse of excavation site at Lothal

1.1.3 Ningol Chakouba Festival

1.1.4 First Asian Buddhist Summit 2024

1.1.5 Swastik Program

1.1.6 Narasapuram Crochet gets GI tag

1.1.7 Yakshagana Folk Dance

1.1.8 Konark Wheels at Rashtrapati Bhavan

1.2 Environment, Ecology, and Geography

1.2.1 Adaptation Gap Report 2024

1.2.2 World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action

1.2.3 12th World Urban Forum (WUF12)

1.2.4 Climate Change Performance Index

1.2.5 Global Nature Conservation Index 2024

1.2.6 Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024

1.2.7 ADB ‘s new action plan for natural disasters

1.2.8 Article 6 Carbon Markets

1.2.9 New Collective Quantified Goal

1.2.10 Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T

1.2.11 Global matchmaking platform (GMP)

1.2.12 Climate Club

1.2.13 LeadIT 2024 Annual Summit

1.2.14 Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution

1.2.15 Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas, 2024

1.2.16 World’s highest altitude green hydrogen mobility project

1.2.17 Kodo Millet

1.2.18 “Cali Fund” for Digital Sequence Information

1.2.19 IUCN First Global Tree Assessment

1.2.20 Chonkus – a new strain of cyanobacteria

1.2.21 ‘Avian botulism’ in Sambhar lake

1.2.22 World’s first ’CO2- to-methanol conversion plant’

1.2.23 Applications of Ethanol as a Fuel

1.2.24 Eurasian Otter

1.2.25 African Penguins

1.2.26 Dicliptera polymorpha – Discovery of fire resistant floral species

1.2.27 Discovery of the world’s largest coral

1.2.28 National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

1.2.29 Bhu-Neer Portal

1.2.30 Water Pollutant Detection Device Aerotrack

1.2.31 Mnemiopsis leidyi – jellyfish with reverse development

1.2.32 Amorphophallus titanum

1.2.33 National Dolphin Research Centre

1.2.34 Jim Corbett National Park

1.2.35 Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve

1.2.36 Mahadei Wildlife Sanctuary

1.2.37 Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki Volcano

1.2.38 ‘Tsunami ready’ coastal villages

1.2.39 Biofloc Technology and Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS)

1.2.40 Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics – 2024

1.2.41 Heo Hydroelectric Project

1.2.42 Salt chimneys in the Dead Sea

1.2.43 Dhudhmaras Village​​​

1.2.44 Indian Equatorial Electrojet Model – IEEJ

1.2.45 Wayanad landslide

1.2.46 Cyclonic storm ’Fengal ‘

1.3 Governance, Constitution, and Polity

1.3.1 51st Chief Justice of India (CJI)

1.3.2 Right to shelter

1.3.3 Finance Commission Conference – Devolution for Development 2024

1.3.4 Supreme Court upheld the inclusion of the words ‘socialist, secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution

1.3.5 Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman Campaign

1.3.6 One Nation – One Subscription Plan

1.3.7 Grievance Redressal Assessment and Index (GRAI) 2023

1.3.8 WAVES OTT Platform

1.3.9 State foundation day

1.3.10 25th Uttarakhand Foundation Day

1.4 Social Justice and Welfare Schemes

1.4.1 Chetna 3.0 Campaign

1.4.2 First Ministerial Conference on the Elimination of Violence against Children

1.4.3 Adoption Awareness Month

1.4.4 The right to accessibility for persons with disabilities is a fundamental right: Supreme Court

1.4.5 Divya Kala Mela

1.4.6 Jan Jatiya Gourav Diwas- 2024

1.4.7 First Bodoland Festival inaugurated

1.4.8 Siddi Community

1.4.9 PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme​

1.4.10 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Rural

1.2.43 Dhudhmaras Village

1.4.9 PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme

1.5.7 AUSTRAHIND Exercise 2024